全文获取类型
收费全文 | 69946篇 |
免费 | 2759篇 |
国内免费 | 2274篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 748篇 |
2022年 | 1567篇 |
2021年 | 2429篇 |
2020年 | 1260篇 |
2019年 | 1583篇 |
2018年 | 1290篇 |
2017年 | 1025篇 |
2016年 | 1551篇 |
2015年 | 3371篇 |
2014年 | 6631篇 |
2013年 | 5886篇 |
2012年 | 4929篇 |
2011年 | 5533篇 |
2010年 | 3937篇 |
2009年 | 3451篇 |
2008年 | 3519篇 |
2007年 | 3837篇 |
2006年 | 2436篇 |
2005年 | 2058篇 |
2004年 | 1280篇 |
2003年 | 1056篇 |
2002年 | 974篇 |
2001年 | 747篇 |
2000年 | 670篇 |
1999年 | 684篇 |
1998年 | 555篇 |
1997年 | 441篇 |
1996年 | 477篇 |
1995年 | 576篇 |
1994年 | 498篇 |
1993年 | 525篇 |
1992年 | 483篇 |
1991年 | 495篇 |
1990年 | 422篇 |
1989年 | 431篇 |
1988年 | 442篇 |
1987年 | 371篇 |
1986年 | 315篇 |
1985年 | 540篇 |
1984年 | 835篇 |
1983年 | 548篇 |
1982年 | 723篇 |
1981年 | 723篇 |
1980年 | 528篇 |
1979年 | 525篇 |
1978年 | 324篇 |
1977年 | 345篇 |
1976年 | 314篇 |
1974年 | 230篇 |
1973年 | 231篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
991.
Managing the pattern of forest harvest: lessons from wildfire 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Managing forests for sustainable use requires that both the biological diversity of the forests and a viable forest industry be maintained. A current approach towards maintaining biological diversity is to pattern forest management practices after those of natural disturbance events. This paradigm hypothesizes that ecological processes will be maintained best where active management approximates natural disturbance events. The forest management model now used in most sub-boreal and boreal forests calls for regularly dispersed clearcuts no greater than 60–100 ha in size. However, the spatial characteristics of the landscape produced by this model are distinctly different from the historic pattern generated by wildfire, which was heretofore the dominant stand-replacing process in these forests. Wildfire creates a more complex landscape spatial pattern with greater range in patch size and more irregular disturbance boundaries. Individual wildfires are often over 500 ha but leave patches of unburned forest within them. The combination of these attributes is not present in recent clearcuts. Allowing a proportion of larger (i.e.>500ha) harvest units may provide distinct economic advantages that could outweight the opportunity costs of leaving some patches of forest behind. For the forest type examined, further evaluation of modelling forest harvest patterns more closely after the patterns created by wildfire is required as it may achieve a good balance and strike a suitable compromise between certain ecological and economic objectives of sustainable development. 相似文献
992.
Sandrine Sagan Hubert Josien Philippe Karoyan Alié Brunissen Gérard Chassaing Solange Lavielle 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》1996,4(12):2167-2178
The action of rotameric probes introduced either in position 7 or 8 in the sequence of substance P (SP) was investigated, i.e.
-tetrahydroisoquinoleic acid (Tic),
-fluorenylglycine (Flg),
-diphenylalanine (Dip), the diastereoisomers of
-1-indanylglycine (Ing) and
-benz[ƒ]indanylglycine (Bfi), the Z- and E-isomers of dehydrophenylalanine and dehydronaphthylalanine (ΔZPhe, ΔEPhe, ΔZNal, ΔENal) and
(Dmp). The aim of this study was the topographical characterization of the binding subsites of human NK-1 receptor expressed in CHO cells, especially the S7 and S8 subsites, corresponding to residues Phe7 and Phe8 of substance P. According to the binding potencies of these substituted-SP analogues, the S7 binding subsite is smaller than the S8 subsite: the S7 subsite accepts only one aromatic nucleus, while the S8 can accommodate three coplanar nuclei altogether. These findings are compatible with the idea that the S8 binding subsite may reside in the extracellular loops of the hNK-1 receptor. NK-1 agonists bind to human NK-1 receptor and activate the production of both inositol phosphates and cyclic AMP. As already quoted for septide, [pGlu6, Pro9]SP(6–11), discrepancies are observed between affinity (Ki) and activity (EC50) values for IPs production. While a weak correlation between Ki and EC50 values for IPs production could be found (r = 0.70), an excellent correlation could be demonstrated between their affinities (Ki) and their potencies (EC50) for cAMP production (r = 0.97). The high potency (EC50) observed for ‘septide-like’ molecules on PI hydrolysis, compared to their affinity is not an artefact related to the high level of NK-1 receptors expressed on CHO cells since a good correlation was found between EC50 values obtained for PI hydrolysis and those measured for spasmogenic activity in guinea pig ileum bioassay (r = 0.94).
According to the binding potencies of constrained analogues of phenylalanine, the S7 binding subsite of human NK-1 receptor is small, whereas the S8, which can accommodate three coplanar nuclei, might probably reside in the extracellular loop. The discrepancies observed between affinity (Ki) and activity (EC50) values for IPs production are not an artefact of CHO cells since a good correlation was found between EC50 for PI hydrolysis and those measured in guinea pig ileum bioassay. 相似文献
993.
黄芪总黄酮对DNA损伤防护作用的研究 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
用DNA解旋荧光检测法(FADU)研究了黄芪总黄酮(TFA)对γ射线和H2O2所致V79细胞DNA链断裂的防护作用. 结果表明TFA对这两种损伤因子所致的DNA损伤均有不同程度的防护作用, 当TFA浓度达到0.4g/L和0.6g/L时, 分别对H2O2和γ射线所致的损伤有保护作用(P<0.05), 而浓度增至0.8g/L和1.2g/L时, 分别对两种因素所致的DNA链断裂损伤有非常显著的防护效果(P<0.01), 对H2O2的防护效果优于对γ射线. 相似文献
994.
植物标本标签的计算机印制数据系统 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
本文讨论了主要用以印制标本采集记录标签的数据系统及其数据库建库方案与编程原理。该系统可在IBM及其兼容系列个人计算机上使用,适合用于个人或科研与教学机构中小型标本采集信息管理;可用以数据的检索、标本标签的印制和植物名录的打印;也可用以地区性的植物区系与生态学研究。 相似文献
995.
环化二磷酸腺苷核糖(cyclic ADP-ribose,cADPR)是烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)的代谢产物,是新近发现的一种细胞内第二信使.在许多哺乳类和无脊椎动物细胞中,cADPR能引起胞内钙库释放钙离子,其可能机制是:cADPR受体结合cADPR,通过Ryanodine受体或类Ryanodine受体介导的钙通道使cADPR敏感的钙库释放钙离子,此外,一条由一氧化氮(NO)、环化鸟苷酸(cGMP)和cADPR组成的细胞内信号转导途径可能存在于许多细胞中. 相似文献
996.
栝楼核糖核酸酶(RNase TCS)对U碱基具有高度的专一性,在无脲、pH3.5、50℃时,它几乎都在-NP ↓ U-处裂解RNA.它与RNase T1,U2和有限的碱水解一起,可用于直接的酶法RNA序列分析. 相似文献
997.
998.
A new gobiid species,Acanthogobius insularis, is described from 88 specimens collected from Amami-oshima Island and Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan. The
species is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of dorsal and anal fin ray counts, vertebral counts, cephalic
sensory system patterns and coloration. 相似文献
999.
Fitness consequences of helping behavior in the western bluebird 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1
We examined the fitness consequences of helping behavior inthe western bluebird (Sialia mexicana) at Hastings Reservationin Carmel Valley, California, USA, and tested hypotheses forhow helpers benefit from engaging in alloparental behavior.Both juvenile and adult western bluebirds occasionally helpat the nest During a 12 year period, all adult helpers and mostjuvenile helpers were male. Helpers usually fed at nests ofboth their parents and rarely helped when only one parent waspresent. The frequency of pairs with adult helpers was only7%, but nearly one-third of adult males helped among those withboth parents on the study area. At least 28% were breeders whosenests failed. The propensity to help appears to depend uponparental survival, male philopatry, and the breeding successof potential helpers. Feeding rates were not increased at nestswith juvenile helpers, apparendy because breeding males reducedtheir feeding rates. In contrast, adult helpers increased theoverall rates of food delivery to the nest in spite of a reductionin the number of feeding trips made by both male and femaleparents. Helpers did not derive any obvious direct fitness benefitsfrom helping, but they had greater indirect fitness than nonhelpersdue to increases in nestling growth rates and fledging successat their parents' nests. Helpers fledged fewer offspring intheir first nests than did nonhelpers, suggesting that theywere birds with reduced reproductive potential. Although wehave not yet measured the effect of extrapair fertilizationson the fitness benefits of helping, we calculated the differencein fitness between helpers and nonhelpers as a function of thepotential helper's paternity when breeding independently andhis father's paternity in the nest at which he might help. Inconjunction with constraints on breeding and indirect fitnessbenefits, we predict that relatedness of males to the youngin their own as well as their parents' nests will influencehelping behavior in western bluebirds. 相似文献
1000.
Chick begging as a signal: are nestlings honest? 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:4
Begging by dependent avian offspring is known to correlate withhunger level, and parents use this as a signal of brood demandto adjust their chick feeding behavior. While there is informationon how each chick adjusts its begging to its own condition,little is known of how chicks adjust to the state of their nestmates. In two experiments we manipulated the competitive environmentof individual European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) chicks byaltering the state of nest mates while holding the state oftarget chicks constant In the first experiment we placed thetarget chick's nest mates in neighboring nests with brood sizesof two, five, or eight chicks. Following the manipulation wereturned them to their own nests and recorded begging behavioron videotape. In the second experiment we separated a targetchick from its siblings and manipulated feeding level in thelaboratory. The siblings were fed at one of three levels; meanwhile,all the target chicks were fed at the intermediate level. Afterthe manipulation we placed the target chicks with their siblingsand recorded their begging in response to an artificial stimulus.In neither experiment was the begging effort of the unmanipulatedtarget chicks affected by the changes in begging behavior oftheir siblings. This result supports the view that begging isa reliable signal of individual chick state and does not involveresponses to the effort of nest mates. 相似文献