小果野芭蕉种子散布和不同时空尺度上种子被捕食格局

 以分布在云南西双版纳地区的大型先锋草本植物小果野芭蕉(Musa acuminata)为研究材料,研究其种子初次散布过程和不同时空尺度上种子被 捕食格局。小果野芭蕉的成熟果实有75%在夜间被取食和传播,在白天消失的果实则占25%。蝙蝠是其最主要的种子传播者,鸟类在其种子传播 过程中也起到一定的作用。人工摆放种子试验结果显示小果野芭蕉种子的主要转移者是小型啮齿类(鼠类)和蚁类：在开放处理下3 d后转移率为 86%,排除蚁类(鼠类可进入)处理下种子转移率为69%以及排除鼠类(蚂蚁可进入)处理下种子被转移率为56%。季节、地点和生境均显著影响人工 摆放种子被转移强度：雨季显著高于旱季(p<0.001), 野芭蕉生境显著高于与其相连的自然森林和荒地(p<0.001),在人为干扰较少的补蚌自然 保护区显著低于西双版纳热带植物园和新山,而后两者之间并无显著差异(p>0.05)。同时,地点和生境以及季节、地点和生境都有显著的交互 作用。与相邻的森林和荒地相比,野芭蕉群落中种子被鼠类捕食的强度最大且受蚁类二次转移的比例最少,森林和荒地中种子被鼠类捕食的强 度相对较小且蚁类对种子的二次转移比例较高,从而更好地帮助种子逃避鼠类捕食。因此,依赖于食果动物(主要是蝙蝠, 也包括鸟类)的初次 散布是小果野芭蕉种子逃避捕食的关键。     

1994-2016年和田绿洲植被覆盖时空变化分析

监测植被变化对评价区域生态环境质量及生态过程具有重要意义。基于Landsat数据影像,运用归一化植被指数、像元二分模型、重心迁移模型等方法分析和田绿洲植被覆盖时空变化。结果表明：（1）和田绿洲植被分布总体以玉龙喀什河和喀拉喀什河为轴线,从高到低向外展布,高覆被以大面积片状集中于绿洲中部,低、中覆被相对零散围绕高覆被分布;（2）过去23年,和田绿洲植被覆盖面积和植被覆盖度均呈升高趋势。2016年相比1994年,绿洲植被覆盖面积增加553 km²,增长了19.6%;（3）和田绿洲覆被变化存在阶段性和区域性差异。时段上,2000-2005年覆被面积增加最明显;区域上,西部覆被增加最显著;（4）气候变化对和田绿洲覆被变化存在一定影响,但人类活动影响最直接。其中耕地开垦、作物种植是和田绿洲覆被增加的最主要因素,而城市基建是引起绿洲覆被减少的最主要因素。同时,因农耕区水耗增加挤占天然覆被生态用水,引起天然覆被退化,威胁绿洲未来发展;（5）过去23年,绿洲覆被重心整体西移。     

USLE/RUSLE中植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展

通用土壤流失方程(USLE)及修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)是世界范围内应用最广泛的土壤侵蚀预报模型,模型中C因子表示植被覆盖和管理措施对土壤侵蚀的作用,是人为控制土壤侵蚀的重要因子。回溯了C因子发展演变历程,依据国内外最新研究成果,系统阐述了不同尺度C因子估算方法。在小区、坡面、小流域尺度上,C因子确定主要依赖于野外实验观测,研究条件的一致性尤其是标准小区的统一是C因子值可比性的前提。流域、区域尺度C因子确定通常需要利用遥感影像,遥感技术的发展促进了流域、区域尺度C因子估算方法的进步,使提取的C因子图更加精细、准确,但是使用遥感数据全面刻画C因子含义仍然是一大挑战,因此仍需加强C因子相关研究。共归纳了10种确定C因子的方法,介绍了不同方法的优缺点及适用条件,提出了我国C因子研究应加强的工作,希望为相关领域研究者提供参考。     

中国西南喀斯特石漠化时空演变特征、发生机制与调控对策

中国西南喀斯特石漠化及发展态势的遏制与综合治理是长江、珠江流域的生态安全需要。通过总结前人的研究成果、采集中国科学院环江喀斯特生态试验站部分收集整理和试验数据,尝试性地提出了新的石漠化概念和分类标准,探讨了西南喀斯特石漠化的空间分布及动态变化规律,阐明了不同石漠化程度生态系统的植被和土壤物理、化学、微生物等属性的表现特征,从自然和人为两个方面揭示了西南喀斯特石漠化的发生机制,提出了不同石漠化程度的治理对策,以促进喀斯特区域生态、经济、社会的全面协调与可持续发展。     

三江源国家公园生态功能时空分异特征及其重要性辨识

三江源国家公园的建立有利于在该区域实行最严格的生态保护,筑牢国家生态安全屏障。为摸清三江源国家公园生态本底,基于遥感数据,地理信息系统平台及生态评估模型模拟等技术手段,分析了三江源国家公园生态系统类型,2000—2015年生态功能的时空分异特征及变化趋势,辨识其重要性,并对其变化驱动因素进行初探。结果表明:(1)三江源国家公园以草地、荒漠、水体与湿地生态系统为主,面积占比达到99.8%。(2)三江源国家公园水源涵养、土壤保持及防风固沙极重要区的占比分别为15.3%、13.7%和22.4%。(3)整体呈现东部以水源涵养、中部以土壤保持、西部以防风固沙为核心生态功能的空间格局。(4)2000—2015年,水源涵养功能量总体下降,但提升区域面积占比达84.5%,极重要区呈现下降态势;土壤保持功能量总体提升,年变化趋势为987万t/a,全区超过95%的地区均呈上升趋势;防风固沙功能由于风速减小及植被覆盖度的降低,出现下降态势,为-356万t/a。(5)气候暖湿化以及三江源生态保护工程的实施是三江源国家公园生态功能总体提升的主要原因,然而草地退化态势尚未完全遏制,局部地区植被覆盖度仍有所下降。为实现国家公园和自然资源的严格保护和永续利用,需对其进行统筹规划、科学布局,在科学把握生态系统自然规律的基础上,分区、分级对其进行生态保护和修复。     

The Dynamics of a Fish Stock Exploited in Two Fishing Zones

This work presents a specific stock-effort dynamical model. The stocks correspond to two populations of fish moving and growing between two fishery zones. They are harvested by two different fleets. The effort represents the number of fishing boats of the two fleets that operate in the two fishing zones. The bioeconomical model is a set of four ODE's governing the fishing efforts and the stocks in the two fishing areas. Furthermore, the migration of the fish between the two patches is assumed to be faster than the growth of the harvested stock. The displacement of the fleets is also faster than the variation in the number of fishing boats resulting from the investment of the fishing income. So, there are two time scales: a fast one corresponding to the migration between the two patches, and a slow time scale corresponding to growth. We use aggregation methods that allow us to reduce the dimension of the model and to obtain an aggregated model for the total fishing effort and fish stock of the two fishing zones. The mathematical analysis of the model is shown. Under some conditions, we obtain a stable equilibrium, which is a desired situation, as it leads to a sustainable harvesting equilibrium, keeping the stock at exploitable densities.     

喀斯特槽谷区土壤侵蚀时空演变及未来情景模拟

以中国南方喀斯特槽谷区为研究对象,基于改进的喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀算法,定量分析了槽谷区土壤侵蚀时空演变特征,并利用CA-Markov模型对土壤侵蚀状况的未来情景进行预测。结果表明:(1)喀斯特槽谷区2000—2015年土壤侵蚀总量由61.86×10~7 t/a减少至2.97×10~7 t/a,区域年平均侵蚀模数由21.61 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)降低至1.04 t hm~(-2) a~(-1),轻度及轻度以下侵蚀等级的面积增加了76.13×10~5 hm~2,重度及重度以上侵蚀面积减少了46.90×10~5 hm~2,侵蚀状况明显减轻;(2)不同地貌类型之间的土壤侵蚀状况存在一定差异,平原地区侵蚀模数最小,盆地地区侵蚀模数最大,达到平原地区侵蚀模数的近4倍;(3) 2000—2015年间,槽谷区轻度及轻度以上侵蚀等级都逐渐向微度侵蚀等级转移,土壤侵蚀等级由高等级向低等级转移率达到了98%以上,总体呈现出好转的趋势;(4)基于CA-Markov模型模拟槽谷区2020年土壤侵蚀等级的未来演变趋势,其总体Kappa系数达到了0.9788,一致性最佳;(5)到2020年,槽谷区土壤侵蚀等级基本为微度和轻度侵蚀,土壤侵蚀状况将进一步改善。本研究的结果可为喀斯特槽谷区当前土壤侵蚀治理成效的评价以及未来的防治提供理论和数据方面的参考。     

短时间尺度雄安新区旱柳根际土壤细菌群落特征分析

土壤细菌在土壤生态过程中发挥重要作用,明确雄安新区“千年秀林”植物根际土壤细菌群落组成和多样性,有助于揭示土壤微生物与环境因子的互作关系,为新区森林生态系统可持续发展提供理论支持。以雄安新区重要乡土树种——旱柳(Salix matsudana)为对象,利用高通量测序和生物信息学技术,系统研究基于短时间尺度“千年秀林”旱柳根际土壤细菌群落组成和多样性,并分析菌群和环境因子的互作关系。结果表明,放线菌门、变形菌门和鞘氨醇杆菌属、黄杆菌、固氮菌属等富营养细菌占优势。8月和10月土壤样品中不同菌门相对丰度变化较小,9月波动较大。采样时间与Chao1和PD指数显著相关(P=0.0315,P=0.0137),与Shannon指数相关性不显著(P=0.631),日最高/低气温可显著影响PD指数,且日最低气温升高可显著降低细菌群落的丰富度。Beta多样性在每周时间尺度差异不显著(P=0.363),每两周差异显著(P=0.027),每三周差异极显著(P=0.006)。土壤偏碱性,养分含量差异不显著,全氮平均含量为中上等级,全磷和全钾平均含量处于中下等级。共现性网络互作关系中,协同作用多于拮抗作用。研究结...     

Immunolocalization of specific beta‐proteins in pad lamellae of the digits in the lizard Anolis carolinensis suggests that cysteine‐rich beta‐proteins provides flexibility

Knowledge of beta‐protein (beta‐keratin) sequences in Anolis carolinensis facilitates the localization of specific sites in the skin of this lizard. The epidermal distribution of two new beta‐proteins (beta‐keratins), HgGC8 and HgG13, has been analyzed by Western blotting, light and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. HgGC8 includes 16 kDa members of the glycine‐cysteine medium‐rich subfamily and is mainly expressed in the beta‐layer of adhesive setae but not in the setae. HgGC8 is absent in other epidermal layers of the setae and is weakly expressed in the beta‐layer of other scales. HgG13 comprises members of 17‐kDa glycine‐rich proteins and is absent in the setae, diffusely distributed in the beta layer of digital scales and barely present in the beta‐layer of other scales. It appears that the specialized glycine‐cysteine medium rich beta‐proteins such as HgGC8 in the beta‐layer, and of HgGC10 and HgGC3 in both alpha‐ and beta‐layers, are key proteins in the formation of the flexible epidermal layers involved in the function of these modified scales in adaptation to contact and adhesion on surfaces. J. Morphol. 275:504–513, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The Habitat Amount Hypothesis implies negative effects of habitat fragmentation on species richness

The habitat amount hypothesis (HAH) predicts that species richness in a habitat site increases with the amount of habitat in the ‘local landscape’ defined by an appropriate distance around the site, with no distinct effects of the size of the habitat patch in which the site is located. It has been stated that a consequence of the HAH, if supported, would be that it is unnecessary to consider habitat configuration to predict or manage biodiversity patterns, and that conservation strategies should focus on habitat amount regardless of fragmentation. Here, I assume that the HAH holds and apply the HAH predictions to all habitat sites over entire landscapes that have the same amount of habitat but differ in habitat configuration. By doing so, I show that the HAH actually implies clearly negative effects of habitat fragmentation, and of other spatial configuration changes, on species richness in all or many of the habitat sites in the landscape, and that these habitat configuration effects are distinct from those of habitat amount in the landscape. I further show that, contrary to current interpretations, the HAH is compatible with a steeper slope of the species–area relationship for fragmented than for continuous habitat, and with higher species richness for a single large patch than for several small patches with the same total area (SLOSS). This suggests the need to revise the ways in which the HAH has been interpreted and can be actually tested. The misinterpretation of the HAH has arisen from confounding and overlooking the differences in the spatial scales involved: the individual habitat site at which the HAH gives predictions, the local landscape around an individual site and the landscapes or regions (with multiple habitat sites and different local landscapes) that need to be analysed and managed. The HAH has been erroneously viewed as negating or diminishing the relevance of fragmentation effects, while it actually supports the importance of habitat configuration for biodiversity. I conclude that, even in the cases where the HAH holds, habitat fragmentation and configuration are important for understanding and managing species distributions in the landscape.