滇西北高山微水体与溪流生境底栖动物多样性和环境特征

高山微水体由于面积微小且通过地表径流形成串联结构常常被认为与高山溪流具有类似的生境, 然而由于这两类生境中环境因子与底栖动物多样性存在差异, 它们在生态系统中的作用可能完全不同。滇西北地区是全球生物多样性热点区域之一, 境内高山微水体和高山溪流分布密集, 在区域底栖生物多样性维持方面具有重要的功能, 然而目前对这两类高山淡水生态系统的研究较少。为了比较这两类生境环境因子的异同及其对底栖动物多样性的维持作用, 2015年6月, 作者在云南省怒江州贡山县的高山峡谷内, 对27个高山微水体和同区域分布的1条高山溪流(海拔高差500 m范围)的底栖动物多样性和水环境因子进行了实地调查。结果表明: (1)高山微水体和高山溪流底栖动物群落中优势分类单元种群数量均比较庞大, 而稀有分类单元数量较多且种群较小; (2)两种生境在环境因子、物种多样性、功能多样性和群落结构方面的差异明显, 高山溪流有较高的物种丰富度、物种多样性和功能多样性; (3)高山微水体底栖动物多样性的分布与水环境因子无关, 而高山溪流底栖动物多样性与群落结构的形成受到与流速关联的水环境因子和海拔的影响。因此, 高山微水体与高山溪流不能简单地视为类似的生境类型, 它们对区域底栖动物多样性和生态功能维持可能具有不同的作用。     

城镇快速发展对河流温室气体溶存及扩散通量的影响——以重庆市黑水滩河流域场镇为例

场镇发展是西南山区城镇发展的重要模式,且大部分场镇沿河分布,快速城镇发展给河流水环境及生物地化过程带来了一系列影响,然而其对河流温室气体排放时空格局的影响及机制尚不清楚。选择流域场镇发展特征明显的黑水滩河为研究对象,于2014年9月、12月、2015年3月、6月,对流域内干、支流水体温室气体浓度及扩散通量进行分析,旨在阐明流域场镇式发展下河流温室气体排放时空特征及关键驱动因素。研究结果表明,黑水滩河干、支流水体年均二氧化碳分压(pCO_2)及甲烷(CH_4)、一氧化二氮(N_2O)浓度均处于过饱和状态,是大气温室气体的净排放源;流域内干、支流水体流经不同场镇区前后水体碳、氮、磷及叶绿素a含量均不同程度增加,从上游向下游呈现明显的污染累积;水体溶存pCO_2\\CH_4\\N_2O浓度及扩散通量在不同场镇前后也呈现显著增加的趋势,三种温室气体扩散通量平均增幅分别为25.88%、55.22%、99.64%;河流水体pCO_2与N_2O浓度及通量秋季高于其他季节,CH_4浓度及扩散通量春季最高,秋季次之,夏、冬季最低,温室气体浓度及排放的季节变化主要受温度和降雨格局共同影响。相关分析表明,pCO_2与水温和pH关系密切,而水体CH_4和N_2O浓度与水体碳、氮、磷等生源要素均呈显著的正相关关系,水体CH_4与N_2O浓度对生源要素输入极为敏感,流域场镇发展带来的河流污染负荷的增加可能对水体CH_4与N_2O排放产生明显的激发效应。本研究认为,山区河流流域内沿河串珠状场镇分布对河流水体生源要素及其他理化性质产生累积影响,进而改变了水体温室气体的产生与排放时空格局。     

2000-2015年中国陆地生态系统蒸散时空变化及其影响因素

准确量化区域蒸散时空格局及其影响因素对理解陆地生态系统碳水循环具有十分重要的意义。近年来中国经历了严重的空气污染及气候波动,亟须探讨蒸散的时空变化及其影响因素。基于PT-JPL（Priestly-Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory）模型,集成遥感数据和气象数据模拟了中国陆地生态系统2000-2015年蒸散,并分析其时空变化及影响因素。结果表明：1）参数优化后PT-JPL模型可解释蒸散年际变化的68%,优于原始模型及MODIS蒸散产品;2）中国地区多年平均蒸散为440.16 mm/a,呈东南沿海到西北内陆逐渐递减的空间格局;3）2000-2015年蒸散整体呈轻微下降趋势（slope=6.48 Gt/a,P=0.17）,但具有年代际差异,2000-2010年中国地区蒸散呈显著下降趋势（slope=21.05,P < 0.01）,占全国蒸散总量45.05%的内蒙古地区、甘新地区、黄土高原地区及青藏地区解释了61.88%的年际变化;2010-2015年呈轻微上升趋势（slope=10.48,P=0.71）,各地区均无显著变化趋势;4）辐射主导了蒸散的年代际差异,分别解释了2010年前后蒸散下降及上升趋势的51.45%、85.26%。蒸散呈显著变化趋势的内蒙古地区、黄土高原地区及青藏地区主要受辐射控制,甘新地区主要受降水和温度的影响。     

七姊妹山常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性格局及其环境解释

依托七姊妹山自然保护区6 hm²森林动态监测样地研究平台,基于样地和物种基本信息数据,采用多元回归树和冗余分析研究方法,探讨地形因子对生境的塑造作用及物种分布特征,分析不同群丛类型下物种多样性的变化规律。结果表明：(1)依据“1 SE”规则,4次分割依次以海拔(1 453 m)、坡度(23.13°)、海拔(1 398 m)、凹凸度(4.094)为分界点可将150个样地分为5个群丛。(2)冗余分析表明地形因子对物种分布解释量为0.077 6,解释率为16.36%,各环境因子对物种分布的解释力度依次为：海拔>坡度>凹凸度;坡向与物种的分布无显著相关性。(3)5个群丛中立木密度与胸高截面积最高的均为群丛5(527.4株/400 m²;3.495 cm²/株),立木密度与平均胸高截面积最低为群丛4(225.4株/400 m²;3.057 cm²/株)。(4)5个群丛中Shannon Winener丰富度指数与Simpson优势度指数最高的均为群丛2,最低的为群丛5,物种多样性尺度效应明显;Pielou均匀度指数最高为群丛4,最低为群丛5。(5)两两群丛间Jaccard相似性系数最低为群丛1 群丛2(0.331),最高的为群丛4 群丛5(0.645),海拔对β多样性格局影响较大。研究认为,七姊妹山自然保护区6 hm²样地地形因子对该区域生境的塑造具有一定作用,海拔、坡度、凹凸度组成的“环境筛”影响了该区域的物种分布及多样性格局。     

Polysaccharide diversity in VNI isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from Roraima,Northern Brazil

Species of the Cryptococcus genus comprise environmental, encapsulated fungal pathogens that cause lethal meningitis in immunosuppressed individuals. In humans, fungal uptake of hypocapsular Cryptococcus by macrophages was associated with high fungal burden in the cerebrospinal fluid and long-term patient survival. On the basis of the key role of the cryptococcal capsule in disease, we analyzed the diversity of capsular structures in 23 isolates from pigeon excreta collected in the cities of Boa Vista, Bonfim and Pacaraima, in the state of Roraima (Northern Brazil). All isolates were identified as Cryptococcus neoformans (VNI genotype) by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Through a combination of fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, ELISA and spectrophotometric methods, each isolate was characterized at the phenotypical level, which included measurements of growth rates at 30 and 37 °C, pigmentation, cell body size, capsular dimensions, serological reactivity, urease production and ability to produce extracellular glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), the main capsular component of C. neoformans. With the exception of melanization, a formidable diversity was observed considering all parameters tested in our study. Of note, hyper and hypo producers of GXM were identified, in addition to isolates with hyper and hypo profiles of reactivity with a polysaccharide-binding monoclonal antibody. Capsular dimensions were also highly variable in the collection of isolates. Extracellular GXM production correlated positively with capsular dimensions, urease activity and cell size. Unexpectedly, GXM concentrations did not correlate with serological reactivity with the cryptococcal capsule. These results reveal a high diversity in the ability of environmental C. neoformans to produce capsular components, which might impact the outcome of human cryptococcosis.     

Female reproduction bears no survival cost in captivity for gray mouse lemurs

The survival cost of reproduction has been revealed in many free‐ranging vertebrates. However, recent studies on captive populations failed to detect this cost. Theoretically, this lack of survival/reproduction trade‐off is expected when resources are not limiting, but these studies may have failed to detect the cost, as they may not have fully accounted for potential confounding effects, in particular interindividual heterogeneity. Here, we investigated the effects of current and past reproductive effort on later survival in captive females of a small primate, the gray mouse lemur. Survival analyses showed no cost of reproduction in females; and the pattern was even in the opposite direction: the higher the reproductive effort, the higher the chances of survival until the next reproductive event. These conclusions hold even while accounting for interindividual heterogeneity. In agreement with aforementioned studies on captive vertebrates, these results remind us that reproduction is expected to be traded against body maintenance and the survival prospect only when resources are so limiting that they induce an allocation trade‐off. Thus, the cost of reproduction has a major extrinsic component driven by environmental conditions.     

Accounting for heterogeneity when estimating stopover duration,timing and population size of red knots along the Luannan Coast of Bohai Bay,China

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