碧桃朝鲜球坚蚧的出蛰若虫空间格局及应用

采用多种聚集度指标、Iwao法和Taylor幂函数法分析朝鲜球坚蚧出蛰若虫在碧桃上的空间格局。结果表明,出蛰若虫在碧桃上呈聚集分布,分布以个体群形式存在。碧桃不同段位上的聚集度指标和Iwao法均表明其为聚集分布,而Taylor幂函数法测定为上、中段均匀分布,下段聚集分布,综合分析其成因是各样地受害程度及垂直方向虫口密度差异显著所致。聚集均数λ值的测定结果表明,该虫的聚集原因主要由出蛰若虫自身的生物学习性和环境因素所引起。此外,利用空间格局参数确定了理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型。     

辽西北沙地苹果-大豆间作对土壤养分和微生物量分布的影响

为了解辽西北沙地果农间作系统中土壤养分及微生物量分布特征,选取研究区具有代表性的苹果(Malus pumila)-大豆(Glycine max)间作系统为研究对象,对间作系统0～60 cm 土层、0～300 cm水平距离范围内的土壤养分和微生物量进行了测定,并与大豆单作、苹果单作进行对比.结果表明:辽西北沙地苹果与大豆...     

珍稀濒危植物峨眉含笑种实表型性状的空间变异特征

通过分析珍稀濒危植物峨眉含笑（Michelia wilsonii）种子与果实的表型性状特征,研究其变异规律和空间自相关性,为峨眉含笑天然种群的保护利用工作提供依据。以雅安周公山的峨眉含笑为研究对象,测定12项种实表型性状指标,采用变异系数和半方差函数,探究峨眉含笑种实的空间变异特征。结果显示（：1）峨眉含笑种实表型性状的平均变异系数为27.59%,种实的形态变异程度最小,种子性状的变异程度比果实性状更为丰富。（2）聚合果下部的种子败育率与蓇葖败育率最高,分别为18.32%和38.22%;中部的败育率最低,分别为15.05%和23.45%。（3）半方差函数模型以指数和球状模型为主,呈聚集分布。除果实长、种子纵径和种子败育率外,其余9项指标具有中高等强度的空间自相关性。（4）9项指标的各向异性比接近于1,空间异质性表现为各向同性。因此,峨眉含笑种实表型性状在中等尺度的空间范围内具有丰富的变异性。     

Biogeographic consequences of shifting climate for the western massasauga (Sistrurus tergeminus)

The western massasauga (Sistrurus tergeminus) is a small pit viper with an extensive geographic range, yet observations of this species are relatively rare. They persist in patchy and isolated populations, threatened by habitat destruction and fragmentation, mortality from vehicle collisions, and deliberate extermination. Changing climates may pose an additional stressor on the survival of isolated populations. Here, we evaluate historic, modern, and future geographic projections of suitable climate for S. tergeminus to outline shifts in their potential geographic distribution and inform current and future management. We used maximum entropy modeling to build multiple models of the potential geographic distribution of S. tergeminus. We evaluated the influence of five key decisions made during the modeling process on the resulting geographic projections of the potential distribution, allowing us to identify areas of model robustness and uncertainty. We evaluated models with the area under the receiver operating curve and true skill statistic. We retained 16 models to project both in the past and future multiple general circulation models. At the last glacial maximum, the potential geographic distribution associated with S. tergeminus occurrences had a stronghold in the southern part of its current range and extended further south into Mexico, but by the mid‐Holocene, its modeled potential distribution was similar to its present‐day potential distribution. Under future model projections, the potential distribution of S. tergeminus moves north, with the strongest northward trends predicted under a climate scenario increase of 8.5 W/m². Some southern populations of S. tergeminus have likely already been extirpated and will continue to be threatened by shifting availability of suitable climate, as they are already under threat from desertification of grasslands. Land use and habitat loss at the northern edge of the species range are likely to make it challenging for this species to track suitable climates northward over time.     

Extracting spatial networks from capture–recapture data reveals individual site fidelity patterns within a marine mammal’s spatial range

1. Estimating the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances requires an understanding of the habitat‐use patterns of individuals within a population. This is especially the case when disturbances are localized within a population''s spatial range, as variation in habitat use within a population can drastically alter the distribution of impacts.
2. Here, we illustrate the potential for multilevel binomial models to generate spatial networks from capture–recapture data, a common data source used in wildlife studies to monitor population dynamics and habitat use. These spatial networks capture which regions of a population''s spatial distribution share similar/dissimilar individual usage patterns, and can be especially useful for detecting structured habitat use within the population''s spatial range.
3. Using simulations and 18 years of capture–recapture data from St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE) beluga, we show that this approach can successfully estimate the magnitude of similarities/dissimilarities in individual usage patterns across sectors, and identify sectors that share similar individual usage patterns that differ from other sectors, that is, structured habitat use. In the case of SLE beluga, this method identified multiple clusters of individuals, each preferentially using restricted areas within their summer range of the SLE.
4. Multilevel binomial models can be effective at estimating spatial structure in habitat use within wildlife populations sampled by capture–recapture of individuals, and can be especially useful when sampling effort is not evenly distributed. Our finding of a structured habitat use within the SLE beluga summer range has direct implications for estimating individual exposures to localized stressors, such as underwater noise from shipping or other activities.

     

燕山地区白头翁生境伴生植物资源调查与分析

调查与白头翁共存的伴生植物种类、相似性、生活型、分布区类型等,探讨其生态适应性和地理分布规律,针对性地提出白头翁资源保护利用建议,以期为燕山地区白头翁种质资源的保护和利用提供参考。采用访问调查、路线调查和典型样地调查法,对燕山地区白头翁生境伴生植物进行调查与分析。燕山地区从冀东的秦皇岛地区到冀北的承德地区都有白头翁的分布,多生于向阳的山地草坡上,喜光、耐旱、适于阳生性环境。白头翁生境伴生植物共56科128属164种,主要优势科为菊科（Compositae）、豆科（Leguminosae）、禾本科（Gramineae）、蔷薇科（Rosaceae）、唇形科（Labiatae）、百合科（Liliaceae）、毛茛科（Ranunculaceae）、萝藦科（Asclepiadaceae）等,其中乔木共5科5属7种,灌木共22科38属46种,草本植物共35科85属111种。调查的各样地间相似系数普遍较低,说明燕山地区不同地区白头翁生境差别较大,其伴生植物具有多样性的特点。伴生植物属的分布区类型可分为14个,群落具有明显温带性质。燕山地区白头翁生境多样性及伴生植物的多样性,反映出燕山地区白头翁生态适...     

Abundance and Distribution of Benthic Macroinvertebrates near Little Egg Inlet,New Jersey,from 1972 to 1974

Benthic collections taken during a 34 month period from Little Egg Inlet, New Jersey were dominated by haustoriid amphipods and collections from a nearshore ridge/swale formation were dominated by ampharetid and capitellid polychaetes. Polychaetes were most abundant at the swale station where density was 2.4 to 17.5 times higher than at other stations. Changes in species composition and density were influenced by increases in the silt/clay component of the sediment which was influenced by depth, bottom topography, and exposure to currents.     

Fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus distribution and habitat suitability in Nepal

The fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus is a wetland specialist species endemic to South and Southeast Asia. Nepal represents the northern limit of its biogeographic range, but comprehensive information on fishing cat distribution in Nepal is lacking. To assess their distribution, we compiled fishing cat occurrence records (n = 154) from Nepal, available in published literature and unpublished data (2009–2020). Bioclimatic and environmental variables associated with their occurrence were used to predict the fishing cat habitat suitability using MaxEnt modeling. Fishing cat habitat suitability was associated with elevation (152–302 m), precipitation of the warmest quarter, i.e., April–June (668–1014 mm), precipitation of the driest month (4–7 mm), and land cover (forest/grassland and wetland). The model predicted an area of 4.4% (6679 km²) of Nepal as potential habitat for the fishing cat. About two‐thirds of the predicted potentially suitable habitat lies outside protected areas; however, a large part of the highly suitable habitat (67%) falls within protected areas. The predicted habitat suitability map serves as a reference for future investigation into fishing cat distribution as well as formulating and implementing effective conservation programs in Nepal. Fishing cat conservation initiatives should include habitats inside and outside the protected areas to ensure long‐term survival. We recommend conservation of wetland sites, surveys of fishing cats in the identified potential habitats, and studying their genetic connectivity and population status.     

综合性医院重症监护病房病原菌分离情况分析

目的探讨重症监护病房（Icu）医院内感染的临床特点及病原菌种类、分布情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物、预防和控制医院感染提供参考和依据。方法采用前瞻性监测与回顾性调查相结合的方法,对ICU患者的临床资料进行统计分析。结果ICU病人标本中分离出病原菌593株,得出菌种分布与感染情况。结论重症监护病房医院内感染发生率高,以呼吸道感染为主,主要病原菌以革兰阴性非发酵菌为主,加强ICU患者感染的控制,可减少ICU医院内感染的发生。