春大豆氮利用效率的基因型变异和性状间的相关研究

应用裂区设计3个氮处理（60,30和0公斤／公顷）3重复进行了7个春大豆基因型的试验。分别在6周和成熟时测定了生育特性,植株和经济性状及氮含量。结果表明,不同氮水平对生育特性,植株和产量性状及氮利用效率等多数参数无显著影响,而不同基因型间这些参数存在显著或极显著差异,不同测定参数间存在的显著或极显著相关表明,通过筛选可获得植株性状和氮利用效率均佳的基因型。     

Allatotropic and allatostatic activities in extracts of brain and the effects of Manduca sexta allatotropin and Manduca sexta allatostatin on juvenile hormone synthesis in vitro by corpora allata from the Eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini

Both allatotropic and allatostatic activities were found in crude extracts of brain from adult and larval Eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini, but it seems that allatotropic activity dominates in each stage. There was a high level of allatotropic activity in the crude extract of brain from newly emerged female adults, but allatostatic activity appeared in the bioassay when excessive amounts of crude extracts of brain were added. Crude extracts of brain from premoulting fourth‐instar larvae and from newly ecdysed fifth‐instar larvae exhibited allatotropic activities, whereas extracts of brain from the second and third day of the fifth‐instar larvae inhibited juvenile hormone (JH) release slightly. Allatotropic activity from the brains of adults and larvae stimulated both adult and larval corpora allata (CA) to synthesize JH. Manduca sexta allatotropin (AT) (Mas‐AT) and M. sexta allatostatin (AST) (Mas‐AST) also stimulated and inhibited both adult and larval S. cynthia ricini CA to synthesize JH, respectively. Higher concentrations of Mas‐AT (10^?4 or 10^?3 M) showed an inhibitory effect on adult CA. CA from newly emerged female adults were the most sensitive to inhibition by Mas‐AST, whereas CA from female pharate adults at about 6 h before adult emergence were the most sensitive to stimulation by Mas‐AT and S. cynthia ricini brain allatotropic activity. An extract of brain and Mas‐AT induced some of the non‐active female pharate adult CA at 12 h before emergence to synthesize a small amount of JH.     

大豆高光效育种研究进展

多年的研究证明 ,提高光合效率是提高大豆产量的重要途径。在高产条件下 ,高光效大豆 (GlycinemaxL .Merr.)品种与一般品种相比可提高产量 30 %～ 40 %,表明高光效育种有着广阔的发展前景。高光效育种虽然未能缩短育种时间 ,但为达到预定的高光效目标提供了“实时”监测 ,可免除目标的偏离 ,从而达到高光效与高产的同步提高。大豆叶片与豆荚均存在着高活性的有限的C4 途径循环 ,因此 ,通过常规育种或基因工程技术提高C4 途径酶的表达能力 ,可能是提高C3 植物光合效率的新突破点。     

Nuclear reconstitution of demembranatedOrychophragmus violaceus sperm inXenopus laevis egg extracts

The cell-free extracts from animalXenopus laevis egg could induce chromatin decondensation and pronuclear formation from demembranated plant (Orychophragmus violaceu) sperm. The demembranatedOrychophragmus violaceus sperm began to swell in 30 min incubation, and then were gradually decondensed. The reassembly of nuclear envelope in the reconstituted nuclei had been visualized by means of electron microscopy and fluorescent microscopy. Membrane vesicles fused to form the double envelope around the periphery of the decondensed chromatin. The morphology of the newly formed nucleus, with a double membrane, was similar to those nuclei after fertilization. Transmission electron microscope micrograph of the whole mount prepared nuclear matrix-lamina showed the reconstituted nucleus to be filled with a dense network.     

Immunomodulating properties of Argentine plants with ethnomedicinal use

Five Argentine medicinal plants selected according to folk traditional or ethnomedical use, references and primary pharmacological screening; were chosen to elucidate their immunomodulating properties. Dichloromethane, methanolic and aqueous extracts of the aerial parts of Achyrocline flaccida (A. flaccida), Eupatorium arnottianum (E. arnottianum) and Eupatorioum buniifolium (E. buniifolium), leaves of Lithraea molleoides (L. molleoides) and leaves and stems of Phyllanthus sellowianus (P. sellowianus) were analyzed to disclose their effects on murine normal and tumor cell growth as well as on complement hemolytic activity. Modulation of cell growth was evaluated by tritiated thymidine incorporation while inhibition of complement activity was measured on both classical and alternative complement pathways (CP and AP respectively). The results obtained show that most of the extracts exerted inhibitory effect on tumor as well as on mitogen activated normal spleen cell growth. On tumor cells, IC50 ranged between 1-75 microg/ml for most of the extracts with the exception of dichloromethane of L. molleoides and P. sellowianus which required concentrations higher than 100 microg/ml to produce the effect. On mitogenic activated splenocytes, IC50 ranged between < 1 to 85 microg/ml with the exception of methanolic extract of E. buniifolium or P. sellowianus which were not effective on ConA or LPS stimulated splenocytes respectively. Only E. buniifolium was active on murine normal splenocytes proliferation (IC50 0.5-1.5 microg/ml). Finally, one (7%) of 15 extracts showed inhibition of complement activity on CP and 6 extracts (40%) presented moderate activity on CP. The dichloromethane extract of E. arnottianum was the most active (IC50 5 microg/ml), although remarkable effect was also obtained with dichloromethane and methanolic extracts of P. sellowianus (IC50 11.2 and 17.3 microg/ml respectively). Besides, 2 extracts (13%), dichloromethane extract of E. arnottianum and aqueous extract of P. sellowianus, showed moderate inhibition on AP.     

Evaluation of Asteraceae Plants for Control of Meloidogyne incognita

Of the 56 species and 43 genera of Asteraceae tested, 9 were highly resistant or immune to Meloidogyne incognita and did not form root galls. Twenty-six species and six cultivars had 25% or fewer roots galled and were considered moderately resistant to M. incognita. Pre-planting Cosmos bipinnatus (F190), Gaillardia pulchella, Tagetes erecta, Tithonia diversifolia, or Zinnia elegans (F645) reduced root galling and M. incognita J2 in and around Ipomoea reptans. Amendment of soils with roots, stems, or leaves of G. pulchella was effective in controlling M. incognita on I. reptans. Tissue extracts of G. pulchella were lethal to various plant-parasitic nematodes but were innocuous to free-living nematodes. Root exudates of G. pulchella were lethal to J2 of M. incognita and were inhibitory to the hatch of eggs at the concentration of 250 ppm or higher. Gaillardia pulchella could be used to manage M. incognita as a rotation crop, a co-planted crop, or a soil amendment for control of root-knot nematode.     

大豆耐铝性品种差异及其与有机酸的关系

从 1 0个大豆品种中筛选出两个耐铝性差异显著的品种 ,研究了其耐铝性与有机酸的关系。经铝处理后 ,吴川品种的相对根长为 1 3 3 .5 % ,化州只有 68.9% ,表明吴川相对耐铝 ,化州对铝较敏感。将不同浓度的AlCl3 加入营养液中处理大豆 1 0d,化州较吴川根长受到较大影响 ,进一步证实吴川相对耐铝毒 ,而化州对酸铝敏感。机理研究发现大豆在铝胁迫下根系可分泌两种有机酸 (草酸、柠檬酸 ) ,其中吴川根系草酸分泌速率提高了 74% ,化州几乎没有提高 ,表明耐铝性大豆品种的根系草酸分泌速率明显提高 ,可增强其缓解酸铝毒性的能力。而二者分泌柠檬酸的速率虽然均有显著提高 ,但处理后感抗品种之间差异不大 ,表明柠檬酸在缓解铝毒性中的作用不大。铝处理下大豆根系虽然分泌两种有机酸 ,但草酸在大豆耐酸铝机制中的作用可能更为重要。     

植物提取物对小菜蛾化蛹率和蛹重的影响

分别用 35种植物乙醇提取物处理的叶片饲养小菜蛾幼虫 ,研究非嗜食植物提取物对小菜蛾化蛹率和蛹重的影响。研究表明 ,茶枯 (Camelliaoleifera)、番石榴 (Psidiumguajava)、飞扬草 (Euphorbiahirta)、南洋楹 (Albiziafalcataria)、薄荷 (Menthahaplocalyx)、蓖麻 (Ricinuscommunis)、假连翘 (Durantarepens)的乙醇提取物对小菜蛾化蛹有显著的抑制作用 (P <0 0 1,DMRT) ,化蛹率都低于 30 0 0 % ;从蛹重来看 ,经积雪草 (Centellaasiatica)、芒果(Mangiferaindica)、构树 (Broussonetiapapyrifera)、细叶桉 (Eucalyptustereticornis)的乙醇提取物处理 ,小菜蛾蛹重显著减轻 (P <0 0 1,DMRT) ,蛹重 (10只蛹 )都低于 0 0 30 0 g。     

Cell enlargement of plant tissue explants oscillates with a temperature-compensated period length of CA. 24 min

Summary Rate of plant cell enlargement, measured at intervals of 3 min using a sensitive linear transducer, oscillates with a minimum period of about 24 min that parallels the 24-min periodicity observed with the oxidation of NADH by the external plasma membrane NADH oxidase and of single cells measured previously by video-enhanced light microscopy. Also exhibiting 24-min oscillations is the steady-state rate of cell enlargement induced by the addition of the auxin herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Immediately following 2,4-D addition, a very complex pattern of oscillations is frequently observed. However, after several hours a dominant 24-min period emerges. The length of the 24 min period is temperature compensated and remains constant at 24 min when measured at 15, 25 or 35°C, despite the fact that the rate of cell enlargement approximately doubles for each 10°C rise over this same range of temperatures.     

染料木素体外抑制人低密度脂蛋白氧化修饰作用

为探讨染料木素对人低密度脂蛋白(LDL)氧化修饰的影响,采用铜离子(10 umol/L)体外氧化LDL的方法,观察大豆异黄酮主要成分染料木素(genistein)对LDL氧化过程中脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量和维生素E(VitE)水平的影响。结果:10 umol/LCuSO4与100 mg/L LDL共同孵育18 h,MDA含量明显升高,VitE含量明显降低,染料木素(0.25、1.25、2.5、12.5、25、50、125、250 umol/L)能显著降低MDA含量,升高VitE含量(P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.02),且呈剂量依赖性。提示一定浓度范围的染料木素体外有抗LDL氧化修饰作用。