高温对番茄幼苗生长和花芽分化的影响

为了探讨高温胁迫对番茄幼苗生长和花芽分化的影响,该试验以‘中杂9号’番茄为材料,以25℃/15℃(昼/夜)为对照(CK),进行37℃/27℃(昼/夜)的高温处理,测定番茄幼苗生长和花芽分化相关指标。结果表明:从高温处理第3天开始番茄幼苗株高和节间长显著高于对照,而茎粗显著小于对照,即植株出现徒长;高温处理的番茄叶面积、根系表面积一直显著低于常温对照,而根系体积、根系总长和分根数也从第3天开始显著低于对照水平;高温处理的植株花芽分化进程从第1天起就明显加快,高温处理第9天时花芽分化数显著减少,而花芽大小高温处理后1～5 d大于对照,从第7天起高温处理植株的花芽大小显著低于对照。研究表明,高温抑制番茄幼苗营养生长,加快番茄花芽分化进程,减少花芽分化数,并减小花芽大小,最终导致产量降低。     

Structural Insights into ceNAP1 Chaperoning Activity toward ceH2A-H2B

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细茎石斛花朵挥发性成分分析

为了探究细茎石斛花朵释放的挥发性成分特点,该研究利用固相微萃取(SPME)法结合GC-MS技术,检测了花色为黄绿的细茎石斛花朵不同花期、不同部位的挥发性成分和相对含量,还比较了黄绿色、白色和白色带淡紫色等三种花色的挥发性成分。结果表明:花色黄绿的细茎石斛花朵挥发性化合物成分总计为59种,其中盛花期最复杂(含有41种),这些成分归属于烯类、芳香族化合物、含氮化合物、酯类、醇类和醛酮类。在不同花期检测到的挥发性成分中,(1R)-(+)-α蒎烯相对含量始终最高,保持在27%以上;始花期和盛花期释放且相对含量较高的成分有顺-芳樟醇氧化物、β-水芹烯、柠檬烯、罗勒烯、(1S-cis)-4,7-二甲基-1-(1-甲基乙基)-1,2,3,5,6,8α-六氢萘和乙酸芳樟酯,相对含量均高于5%;衣兰烯于花蕾期相对含量最高,衰落期消失。这8种化合物可能是细茎石斛花香释放的主要香气成分或特征成分。在花色黄绿的细茎石斛盛开期的两个开花部位中,花瓣的挥发性成分有27种,蕊柱17种,其中烯类物质分别占74.16%和79.06%,花瓣可能是细茎石斛主要的释香部位。三个花色的细茎石斛盛花期挥发性化合物均在40种左右,既有成分的差异又有含量的差别,其中有25种为共同含有,三个花色均是(1R)-(+)-α蒎烯相对含量最高,含量在27%左右。这表明烯类物质是影响细茎石斛花香的重要化合物,不仅对细茎石斛产品开发提供了参考,而且还为其花香基因工程育种奠定了基础。     

Dynamic trajectories of volatile and non‐volatile specialised metabolites in ‘overnight’ fragrant flowers of Murraya paniculata

• Ephemeral flowers, especially nocturnal ones, usually emit characteristic scent profiles within their post‐anthesis lifespans of a few hours. Whether these flowers exhibit temporal variability in the composition and profile of volatile and non‐volatile specialised metabolites has received little attention.
• Flowers of Murraya paniculata bloom in the evenings during the summer and monsoon, and their sweet, intense fragrance enhances the plant's value as an ornamental. We aimed to investigate profiles of both volatile and non‐volatile endogenous specialised metabolites (ESM) in nocturnal ephemeral flowers of M. paniculata to examine whether any biochemically diverse groups of ESM follow distinct patterns of accumulation while maintaining synchrony with defensive physiological functions.
• Targeted ESM contents of M. paniculata flowers were profiled at ten time points at 2‐h intervals, starting from late bud stage (afternoon) up to the start of petal senescence (mid‐morning). Emitted volatiles were monitored continuously within the whole 20‐h period using headspace sampling. The ESM contents were mapped by time point to obtain a highly dynamic and biochemically diverse profile. Relative temporal patterns of ESM accumulation indicated that the active fragrance‐emitting period might be divided into ‘early bloom’, ‘mid‐bloom’ and ‘late bloom’ phases. Early and late bloom phases were characterised by high free radical generation, with immediate enhancement of antioxidant enzymes and phenolic compounds. The mid‐bloom phase was relatively stable and dedicated to maximum fragrance emission, with provision for strong terpenoid‐mediated defence against herbivores. The late bloom phase merged into senescence with the start of daylight; however, even the senescent petals continued to emit fragrance to attract diurnal pollinators.
• Our study suggests that dynamic relations between the different ESM groups regulate the short‐term requirements of floral advertisement and phytochemical defence in this ephemeral flower. This study also provided fundamental information on the temporal occurrence of emitted volatiles and internal pools of specialised metabolites in M. paniculata flowers, which could serve as an important model for pollination biology of Rutaceae, which includes many important fruit crops.

     

Pollination and fruit set in two rewardless slipper orchids and their hybrids (Cypripedium,Orchidaceae): large yellow flowers outperform small white flowers in the northern tall grass prairie

• Species with rewardless flowers often have low fruit to flower ratios, although wide temporal and spatial variation in fruiting success can occur. We compared floral phenotypes, insect visitors and fruiting success in four populations of the small white (Cypripedium candidum) and yellow (C. parviflorum) lady’s slipper orchids and their hybrids near the northern extent of North America’s tall grass prairie.
• Flower and fruit numbers were observed for two seasons on marked individuals (n = 1811). Floral traits were measured on 82–140 individuals per taxon and analysed in relation to fruiting success. All insects found inside flowers were collected, inspected for pollen smears and measured for comparison to floral features.
• Among orchid taxa, C. candidum had the smallest flowers, lowest number and variety of insect visitors, and lowest fruit to flower ratios. These measures were intermediate in hybrids and highest in C. parviflorum, despite low flower numbers in the latter. Within orchid taxa, fruit number was positively related to flower number, but fruit to flower ratios decreased slightly, as would be expected if pollinators left unrewarding patches. Potential pollinators included the dipteran Odontomyia pubescens and hymenopterans Andrena spp., Apis mellifera and Lasioglossum zonulum.
• Cypripedium parviflorum had a reproductive advantage over C. candidum across multiple populations and years. Hybrids showed segregation for floral traits, and hybrid fruiting success increased with a deeper intensity of yellow pigment and larger escape routes for floral visitors. These same attributes likely contributed to the relatively high fruit set in C. parviflorum in the study region.

     

Variability in space and time: contrasting fruit distribution patterns in the deceptive orchid Orchis militaris

• In angiosperms, a decrease in fruit production towards the apex of individual inflorescences is usually observed. Orchids are thought to be primarily pollination‐limited species, and non‐uniform pollination could cause this decrease pattern in several species. Fruit production was investigated in relation to flower position and floral display size in Orchis militaris (Orchidaceae), a deceptive species.
• Over 2 years, eight populations of O. militaris were studied and fruit position along the inflorescence was recorded. Generalised linear models were performed to examine the effect of population, year, flower position and floral display size on fruit production.
• The dominant pattern was characterised by a higher fruit set in the middle part of the inflorescence (parabolic pattern). A non‐directional pattern of fruit production was also detected in some populations. Within a given population, patterns were generally consistent among years. In one of the two study years and in one of the eight populations specifically, the proximal‐to‐distal decrease in fruit production was dramatic in plants with a large floral display but weak or absent in small displays.
• Our study demonstrates the intraspecific diversity of fruit distribution patterns in O. militaris. Non‐uniform pollination along the inflorescence is likely to be responsible for the parabolic pattern, while irregular visitation could explain the non‐directional pattern of fruit production. Pattern variation among years and between populations could arise from spatiotemporal variation in pollinator assemblages. Resource competition effects could explain the interaction effect between display size and flower position.

     

Effectiveness of agri‐environmental management on pollinators is moderated more by ecological contrast than by landscape structure or land‐use intensity

Agri‐environment management (AEM) started in the 1980s in Europe to mitigate biodiversity decline, but the effectiveness of AEM has been questioned. We hypothesize that this is caused by a lack of a large enough ecological contrast between AEM and non‐treated control sites. The effectiveness of AEM may be moderated by landscape structure and land‐use intensity. Here, we examined the influence of local ecological contrast, landscape structure and regional land‐use intensity on AEM effectiveness in a meta‐analysis of 62 European pollinator studies. We found that ecological contrast was most important in determining the effectiveness of AEM, but landscape structure and regional land‐use intensity played also a role. In conclusion, the most successful way to enhance AEM effectiveness for pollinators is to implement measures that result in a large ecological improvement at a local scale, which exhibit a strong contrast to conventional practices in simple landscapes of intensive land‐use regions.     

Comparative pollination biology in two sympatric varieties of Cypripedium macranthos (Orchidaceae) on Rebun Island,Hokkaido, Japan

Cypripedium macranthos sensu lato typically has purple‐pink flowers with no nectar and harvestable pollen. On Rebun Island, Hokkaido, Japan, purple‐pink‐flowered C. macranthos var. macranthos individuals rarely grow among numerous pale‐cream‐flowered C. macranthos var. rebunense plants. In both varieties, flower size is similar, their flowering periods completely overlap, and they share the same pollinator (Bombus pseudobaicalensis). However, in only one of 12 years from 2001 to 2012 did var. macranthos attain an annual fruit‐set ratio (an estimate of pollination success) higher than that of sympatric var. rebunense plants. These findings strongly suggest that in C. macranthos on Rebun Island, flower color results in the differential pollination success, because the pollinator prefers pale‐cream Cypripedium flowers and/or avoids purple‐pink ones, thereby producing pollinator‐mediated selection favoring pale‐cream flowers.     

普通丝瓜始雌花节位遗传分析

选用始雌花节位有差异的普通丝瓜品种配制‘五叶香丝瓜’ב短圆筒丝瓜’(L1×L2)和‘短圆筒丝瓜’ב蛇形丝瓜’(L2×L3)2套组合,通过调查P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2植株的始雌花节位,利用主基因 多基因混合遗传模型联合分离分析了始雌花节位遗传规律。结果显示:L1×L2始雌花节位遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因 加性-显性多基因遗传模型,L2×L3的遗传符合1对加性主基因 加性-显性多基因遗传模型;L1×L2组合的B1、B2和F2群体遗传率(主基因 多基因)分别为66.13%、51.29%和68.27%,L2×L3组合的B1、B2和F2群体遗传率(主基因 多基因)分别为82.02%、64.87%和65.62%;L1×L2组合B1、B2和F2群体的环境方差占总表型方差的比例分别是23.43%、48.69%和31.73%,L2×L3组合B1、B2和F2群体的环境方差占总表型方差的比例分别是34.27%、55.40%和34.38%。结果表明:普通丝瓜始雌花节位是由主基因和多基因控制的数量性状,早熟性(较低的始雌花节位)不太可能通过杂种优势来实现;始雌花节位遗传不稳定,易受环境因素的影响,但定向选择会有较好的效果。     

丹桂和籽银桂花芽分化的研究

采用石蜡切片技术,对不育的丹桂（Osmanthus fragrans ‘Dangui’）和可育的籽银桂（Osmanthus fragrans ‘Ziyingui’）花芽分化的过程进行了研究。结果表明,桂花（Osmanthus fragrans Lour.）花芽形态分化可分为花芽分化初始期、总苞分化期、花原基分化期、顶花花被分化期、雄蕊分化期和雌蕊分化期6个阶段。雄蕊的发育在丹桂和籽银桂之间基本没有区别,都能形成完整的花粉囊和成熟的花粉粒。但是,雌蕊的发育在可育的籽银桂与不育的丹桂之间存在明显差异。根据花芽分化的过程证明,丹桂的不育是由于雌蕊发育不正常导致的。