Preparation of new amino acid complex nanoparticles of bismuth and leucine

Summary. The new amino acid complex nanoparticles of bismuth and leucine can be prepared very easily by a room temperature solid–solid reaction. The various characterizations indicate that the formula of the complex is BiCl[(CH₃)₂CHCH₂CHNH₂COO]₂1.5H₂O. The crystal structure of the solid complex belongs to monoclinic system with the lattice parameters: a = 1.6036 nm, b = 1.9903 nm, c = 2.1979 nm and β=108.06°. The new solid complex is nanoparticles with average size about 80 nm.     

Evaluation of Biotin-OSu and Biotin-ONp in the Solid Phase Biotinylation of Peptides

Biotinyl-oxysuccinimide and biotin p-nitrophenyl ester were evaluated in the solid phase synthesis of biotinylated peptides. Biotin p-nitrophenyl ester was found to be superior in terms of solubility and reactivity.     

A novel superporous agarose medium for high-speed protein chromatography

A novel superporous agarose (SA) bead characterized by the presence of wide pores has been fabricated by water-in-oil emulsification using solid granules of calcium carbonate as porogenic agent. After cross-linking, the solid granules were removed by dissolving them in hydrochloric acid. Then, the gel was modified with diethylaminoethyl groups to create an anion exchanger, SA-DEAE, for protein adsorption. A homogeneous agarose (HA) bead was also produced and modified with DEAE for comparison. It was found that the porosity of SA-DEAE was about 6% larger than that of HA-DEAE. Moreover, both optical micrographs and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of the ion exchangers with adsorbed fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled IgG revealed the superporous structure of the SA medium. In addition, the SA-DEAE column had lower backpressure than the HA-DEAE column, confirming the convective flow of mobile phase through the wide pores. Due to the presence of the wide pores, more channels were available for protein transport and, furthermore, more diffusive pores in the agarose network were accessible for the protein approach from different directions. This led to 40% higher protein capacity and two times higher effective pore diffusivity in the SA-DEAE than in HA-DEAE. Moreover, an increase of the efficiency of the SA-DEAE column until a flow rate of 5 cm/min and the independency of the column efficiency at flow rates from 5 to 17.8 cm/min was found, indicating that intraparticle mass transfer was intensified by convective flow at elevated flow rates. Therefore, the chromatographic resolution of IgG and BSA was little affected up to a flow rate of 17.8 cm/min. The results indicate that the SA medium is favorable for high-speed protein chromatography.     

Solid-state fermentation: a continuous process for fungal tannase production

Truly continuous solid-state fermentations with operating times of 2-3 weeks were conducted in a prototype bioreactor for the production of fungal (Penicillium glabrum) tannase from a tannin-containing model substrate. Substantial quantities of the enzyme were synthesized throughout the operating periods and (imperfect) steady-state conditions seemed to be achieved soon after start-up of the fermentations. This demonstrated for the first time the possibility of conducting solid-state fermentations in the continuous mode and with a constant noninoculated feed. The operating variables and fermentation conditions in the bioreactor were sufficiently well predicted for the basic reinoculation concept to succeed. However, an incomplete understanding of the microbial mechanisms, the experimental system, and their interaction indicated the need for more research in this novel area of solid-state fermentation.     

A rapid separation technique for overcoming suppression of triacylglycerols by phosphatidylcholine using MALDI-TOF MS

Phospholipids and triacylglycerols (TAGs) are important classes of lipids in biological systems. Rapid methods have been developed for their characterization in crude samples, including MALDI time-of-flight MS. For mixtures, MALDI often selectively shows only some components. For example, phosphatidylcholine (PC) suppresses detection of other lipids. Most rapid MS methods detect either TAGs or phospholipids but not both. Herein, we demonstrate a simple approach to rapidly screen mixtures containing multiple lipid classes. To validate this approach, reference lipids [PC, tripalmitin (PPP), and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE)] and real samples (beef, egg yolk) were used. In a binary mixture with a strong suppressor (PC), PPP was greatly suppressed. After a simple separation, suppression was virtually eliminated. A mixture of nominally nonsuppressing lipids (PE and PPP) was not adversely affected by separation. Ground beef and egg yolk were used to demonstrate detection of known lipid compositions where other methods have missed one or more lipids or lipid classes. Separation was performed using solid phase extraction with a PrepSep florisil column. A 10 min separation allows rapid screening for lipids and changes in lipids. It is sufficient to clearly detect all lipids and overcome suppression effects in complex lipid mixtures.     

The use of clostridial spores for cancer treatment

Hypoxic/necrotic regions, absent in normal tissues, can be exploited to target tumours in cancer therapy using nonpathogenic strains of the bacterial genus Clostridium. Following administration of Clostridium spores to tumour-bearing organisms, these spores can only germinate within the hypoxic/necrotic regions of solid tumours, proving their exquisite selectivity. Low oxygen tension is a common feature of solid tumours, which may arise from the unique physiological environment, generated to a large extent by the abnormal tumour vasculature, and provides as such a niche for anaerobic bacteria. Some clostridia tested clearly showed innate oncolytic activity, but they could not completely eradicate the tumour. Recombinant clostridia producing prodrug-converting enzymes or cytokines resulted in the production of such proteins solely within the tumour, and where applicable, could convert the prodrug in a toxic compound. Moreover, in some cases, tumour eradication or tumour control could be observed. This review brings an overview of the relative successes and failures of the Clostridium-directed tumour therapy with both wild-type strains and strains producing proteins useful in antitumour therapy.     

Synthesis and structure-function study of artificial nucleases on the basis of hemin conjugates with peptide fragments of cell differentiation factor HLDF

A series of octa-hexapeptide fragments of HLDF and their conjugates with hemin were obtained by solid phase peptide synthesis. A relationship between the structure and the nuclease activity of the compounds was established. The effect of various factors (medium pH, the presence of metal ions, complexons, reducers, and buffer composition) on the DNA destruction with hemin peptides was studied. Preliminary information confirming an oxidative mechanism of this process was obtained. The cleavage of plasmid DNA under the action of hemin peptides was studied by the methods of electron microscopy, gel electrophoresis, and atomic force microscopy.     

A rapid analytical method for monitoring the enantiomeric purity of chiral molecules synthesized in ionic liquid solvents

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been widely used as reaction solvents in asymmetric synthesis due to their interesting physical and chemical properties. However, monitoring reactant-to-product conversion and the enantiopurity of formed stereoisomers often involves a tedious extraction step before chromatographic analysis. In this study, a rapid and sensitive sampling method using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to chiral gas chromatography was developed for the "on-line" analysis of chiral molecules in the IL solvent. Three different SPME sorbent coatings, namely polydimethylsiloxane, polyacrylate, and a polymeric ionic liquid-based fiber, were examined in this study. The analytical performance of the developed method was evaluated in terms of reproducibility, slope of calibration curve, linear range, calibration linearity, and the determination of detection limits. The SPME method was successfully applied in the determination of enantiomeric excess from selected mixtures of chiral molecules. A preliminary study was performed using an "on-fiber" derivatization approach revealing that the stereoisomers extracted by the SPME fiber can be efficiently derivatized using a short "on-fiber" derivatization step. The developed SPME method eliminates the need of sequestering the reaction, separating the compounds of interest from the IL solvent, and the addition of a derivatizing reagent.     

Backbone motion in elastin's hydrophobic domains as detected by (2) H NMR spectroscopy

The elasticity of vertebrate tissue originates from the insoluble, cross-linked protein elastin. Here, the results of variable-temperature (2) H NMR spectra are reported for hydrated elastin that has been enriched at the Hα position in its abundant glycines. Typical powder patterns reflecting averaged quadrupolar parameters are observed for the frozen protein, as opposed to the two, inequivalent deuterons that are detected in a powder sample of enriched glycine. The spectra of the hydrated elastin at warmer temperatures are dominated by a strong central peak with features close to the baseline, reflective of both isotropic and very weakly anisotropic motions.     

Laying out ground rules for protein-aided nanofabrication: ZnO synthesis at 70°C as a case study

Designer proteins that incorporate solid-binding peptides hold promise to control the nucleation, growth, morphology, and assembly of inorganic phases under mild conditions of temperature and pressure. However, protein-aided nanofabrication remains more art than science and some materials can only be synthesized at temperatures that cause most mesophilic proteins to unfold. Using zinc oxide (ZnO) synthesis at 70°C as case study, we show here that seemingly unimportant variables, such as the carry-over concentration of Tris buffer and the "empty" host protein scaffold can exert a significant influence on materials morphology. We also show that, once well-controlled conditions are established, thermodynamic predictions and adsorption isotherms are powerful tools to understand how various ZnO-binding sequence inserted within the thermostable framework of Escherichia coli thioredoxin A (TrxA) affect inorganic morphogenesis.