全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1366篇 |
免费 | 948篇 |
国内免费 | 246篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 24篇 |
2023年 | 33篇 |
2022年 | 22篇 |
2021年 | 30篇 |
2020年 | 190篇 |
2019年 | 219篇 |
2018年 | 259篇 |
2017年 | 222篇 |
2016年 | 221篇 |
2015年 | 219篇 |
2014年 | 216篇 |
2013年 | 164篇 |
2012年 | 128篇 |
2011年 | 107篇 |
2010年 | 53篇 |
2009年 | 42篇 |
2008年 | 56篇 |
2007年 | 35篇 |
2006年 | 40篇 |
2005年 | 35篇 |
2004年 | 34篇 |
2003年 | 29篇 |
2002年 | 20篇 |
2001年 | 18篇 |
2000年 | 11篇 |
1999年 | 13篇 |
1998年 | 19篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 12篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 7篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 12篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1950年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2560条查询结果,搜索用时 330 毫秒
991.
AlexanderD. Jodlowski Daily Rodríguez‐Padrón Rafael Luque Gustavo de Miguel 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(21)
The discovery of unique optoelectronic properties of 3D ABX3 perovskites has produced a great impact on the field of photovoltaics. In the initial years after the breakthrough, interest has focused on a limited number of 3D ABX3 perovskite materials, including the archetypal CH3NH3PbI3 and its counterparts. Undoubtedly, the main limitation of perovskite devices is their low stability due the fast degradation of the perovskite layer; however, the high toxicity of Pb also poses a concern. Herein, the recent increasing number of articles reporting the theoretical modeling, synthesis, optoelectronic characterization, and implementation of alternative perovskite materials in solar devices is summarized. The extensive variety of perovskite derivatives is classified according to the material dimensionality and the crystal structure. The particular strengths and weaknesses for each novel material are discussed, and the device performance and potential stability enhancements are also highlighted. 相似文献
992.
Self‐Contained Monolithic Carbon Sponges for Solar‐Driven Interfacial Water Evaporation Distillation and Electricity Generation 下载免费PDF全文
Liangliang Zhu Minmin Gao Connor Kang Nuo Peh Xiaoqiao Wang Ghim Wei Ho 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(16)
Solar vaporization has received tremendous attention for its potential in desalination, sterilization, distillation, etc. However, a few major roadblocks toward practical application are the high cost, process intensive, fragility of solar absorber materials, and low efficiency. Herein an inexpensive cellular carbon sponge that has a broadband light absorption and inbuilt structural features to perform solitary heat localization for in situ photothermic vaporization is reported. The defining advantages of elastic cellular porous sponge are that it self‐confines water to the perpetually hot spots and accommodates cyclical dynamic fluid flow‐volume variable stress for practical usage. By isolating from bulk water, the solar‐to‐vapor conversion efficiency is increased by 2.5‐fold, surpassing that of conventional bulk heating. Notably, complementary solar steam generation‐induced electricity can be harvested during the solar vaporization so as to capitalize on waste heat. Such solar distillation and waste heat‐to‐electricity generation functions may provide potential opportunities for on‐site electricity and fresh water production for remote areas/emergency needs. 相似文献
993.
Morphology Controlling of All‐Inorganic Perovskite at Low Temperature for Efficient Rigid and Flexible Solar Cells 下载免费PDF全文
Haixia Rao Senyun Ye Feidan Gu Ziran Zhao Zhiwei Liu Zuqiang Bian Chunhui Huang 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(23)
All‐inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX3) perovskites have emerged as promising photovoltaic materials owing to their superior thermal stability compared to traditional organic–inorganic hybrid counterparts. However, the CsPbX3 perovskites generally need to be prepared at high‐temperature, which restricts their application in multilayer or flexible solar cells. Herein, the formation of CsPbX3 perovskites at room‐temperature (RT) induced by dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) coordination is reported. It is further found that a RT solvent (DMSO) annealing (RTSA) treatment is valid to control the perovskite crystallization dynamics, leading to uniform and void‐free films, and consequently a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.4% in the device indium tin oxide (ITO)/NiO x /RT‐CsPbI2Br/C60/Bathocuproine (BCP)/Ag, which is, as far as it is known, the first report of RT solution‐processed CsPbX3‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Moreover, the efficiency can be boosted up to 10.4% by postannealing the RTSA‐treated perovskite film at an optimal temperature of 120 °C. Profiting from the moderate temperature, flexible PSCs are also demonstrated with a maximum PCE of 7.3% for the first time. These results may stimulate further development of all‐inorganic CsPbX3 perovskites and their application in flexible electronics. 相似文献
994.
Muge Acik Todd M. Alam Fangmin Guo Yang Ren Byeongdu Lee Richard A. Rosenberg John F. Mitchell In Kee Park Geunsik Lee Seth B. Darling 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(5)
Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskites are organic–inorganic semiconductors with long carrier diffusion lengths serving as the light‐harvesting component in optoelectronics. Through a substitutional growth of MAPbI3 catalyzed by polar protic alcohols, evidence is shown for their substrate‐ and annealing‐free production and use of toxic solvents and high temperature is prevented. The resulting variable‐sized crystals (≈100 nm–10 µm) are found to be tetragonally single‐phased in alcohols and precipitated as powders that are metallic‐lead‐free. A comparatively low MAPbI3 yield in toluene supports the role of alcohol polarity and the type of solvent (protic vs aprotic). The theoretical calculations suggest that overall Gibbs free energy in alcohols is lowered due to their catalytic impact. Based on this alcohol‐catalyzed approach, MAPbI3 is obtained, which is chemically stable in air up to ≈1.5 months and thermally stable (≤300 °C). This method is amendable to large‐scale manufacturing and ultimately can lead to energy‐efficient, low‐cost, and stable devices. 相似文献
995.
Self‐Assembly Atomic Stacking Transport Layer of 2D Layered Titania for Perovskite Solar Cells with Extended UV Stability 下载免费PDF全文
Tzu‐Pei Chen Chung‐Wei Lin Shao‐Sian Li Yung‐Han Tsai Cheng‐Yen Wen Wendy Jessica Lin Fei‐Man Hsiao Ya‐Ping Chiu Kazuhito Tsukagoshi Minoru Osada Takayoshi Sasaki Chun‐Wei Chen 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(2)
A novel atomic stacking transporting layer (ASTL) based on 2D atomic sheets of titania (Ti1?δO2) is demonstrated in organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells. The atomically thin ASTL of 2D titania, which is fabricated using a solution‐processed self‐assembly atomic layer‐by‐layer deposition technique, exhibits the unique features of high UV transparency and negligible (or very low) oxygen vacancies, making it a promising electron transporting material in the development of stable and high‐performance perovskite solar cells. In particular, the solution‐processable atomically thin ASTL of 2D titania atomic sheets shows superior inhibition of UV degradation of perovskite solar cell devices, compared to the conventional high‐temperature sintered TiO2 counterpart, which usually causes the notorious instability of devices under UV irradiation. The discovery opens up a new dimension to utilize the 2D layered materials with a great variety of homostructrual or heterostructural atomic stacking architectures to be integrated with the fabrication of large‐area photovoltaic or optoelectronic devices based on the solution processes. 相似文献
996.
Minwoo Nam Jin Young Huh Yongkook Park Yong Cheol Hong Doo‐Hyun Ko 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(14)
Optimizing the interfacial contacts between the photoactive layer and the electrodes is an important factor in determining the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). A charge‐selective layer with tailored electrical properties enhances the charge collection efficiency and interfacial stability. Here, the potential of hydrogenated TiO2 nanoparticles (H‐TiO2 NPs) as an efficient electron‐selective layer (ESL) material in OSCs is reported for the first time. The H‐TiO2 is synthesized by discharge plasma in liquid at atmospheric pressure, which has the benefits of a simple one‐pot synthesis process, rapid and mild reaction conditions, and the capacity for mass production. The H‐TiO2 exhibits high conductivity and favorable energy level formation for efficient electron extraction, providing a basis for an efficient bilayer ESL system composed of conjugated polyelectrolyte/H‐TiO2. Thus, the enhanced charge transport and extraction efficiency with reduced recombination losses at the cathode interfacial contacts is achieved. Moreover, the OSCs composed of H‐TiO2 are almost free of light soaking, which has been reported to severely limit the performance and stability of OSCs based on conventional TiO2 ESLs. Therefore, H‐TiO2 as a new efficient, stable, and cost‐effective ESL material has the potential to open new opportunities for optoelectronic devices. 相似文献
997.
Yaokang Zhang Zhongwei Wu Peng Li Luis K. Ono Yabing Qi Jixiang Zhou Hui Shen Charles Surya Zijian Zheng 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(1)
Semitransparent perovskite solar cells (st‐PSCs) have received remarkable interest in recent years because of their great potential in applications for solar window, tandem solar cells, and flexible photovoltaics. However, all reported st‐PSCs require expensive transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) or metal‐based thin films made by vacuum deposition, which is not cost effective for large‐scale fabrication: the cost of TCOs is estimated to occupy ≈75% of the manufacturing cost of PSCs. To address this critical challenge, this study reports a low‐temperature and vacuum‐free strategy for the fabrication of highly efficient TCO‐free st‐PSCs. The TCO‐free st‐PSC on glass exhibits 13.9% power conversion efficiency (PCE), and the four‐terminal tandem cell made with the st‐PSC top cell and c‐Si bottom cell shows an overall PCE of 19.2%. Due to the low processing temperature, the fabrication of flexible st‐PSCs is demonstrated on polyethylene terephthalate and polyimide, which show excellent stability under repeated bending or even crumbing. 相似文献
998.
Zhengkun Du Xichang Bao Yonghai Li Deyu Liu Jiuxing Wang Chunming Yang Reinhard Wimmer Lars Wagner Städe Renqiang Yang Donghong Yu 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(8)
Based on the most recently significant progress within the last one year in organic photovoltaic research from either alkylthiolation or fluorination on benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene moiety for high efficiency polymer solar cells (PSCs), two novel simultaneously fluorinated and alkylthiolated benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′] dithiophene (BDT)‐based donor–acceptor (D–A) polymers, poly(4,8‐bis(5′‐((2″‐ethylhexyl)thio)‐4′‐fluorothiophen‐2′‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl)‐alt‐2′‐ethylhexyl‐3‐fluorothieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐2‐carboxylate (PBDTT‐SF‐TT) and poly(4,8‐bis(5′‐((2″‐ethylhexyl)thio)‐4′‐fluorothiophen‐2′‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl)‐alt‐1,3‐bis(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐5,7‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo[1,2‐c:4,5‐c′]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione (PBDTT‐SF‐BDD), namely, via an advantageous and synthetically economic route for the key monomer are reported herein. Synergistic effects of fluorination and alkylthiolation on BDT moieties are discussed in detail, which is based on the superior balance between high Voc and large Jsc when PBDTT‐SF‐TT/PC71BM and PBDTT‐SF‐BDD/PC71BM solar cells present their high Voc as 1.00 and 0.97 V (associated with their deep highest occupied molecular orbital level of ?5.54 and ?5.61 eV), a moderately high Jsc of 14.79 and 14.70 mA cm?2, and thus result a high power conversion efficiency of 9.07% and 9.72%, respectively. Meanwhile, for PBDTT‐SF‐TT, a very low energy loss of 0.59 eV is pronounced, leading to the promisingly high voltage, and furthermore performance study and morphological results declare an additive‐free PSC from PBDTT‐SF‐TT, which is beneficial to practical applications. 相似文献
999.
Solar Cells: Room‐Temperature Vapor Deposition of Cobalt Nitride Nanofilms for Mesoscopic and Perovskite Solar Cells (Adv. Energy Mater. 13/2018) 下载免费PDF全文
1000.
Shuyan Shao Jian Liu Giuseppe Portale Hong‐Hua Fang Graeme R. Blake Gert H. ten Brink L. Jan Anton Koster Maria Antonietta Loi 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(4)
The low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of tin‐based hybrid perovskite solar cells (HPSCs) is mainly attributed to the high background carrier density due to a high density of intrinsic defects such as Sn vacancies and oxidized species (Sn4+) that characterize Sn‐based HPSCs. Herein, this study reports on the successful reduction of the background carrier density by more than one order of magnitude by depositing near‐single‐crystalline formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3) films with the orthorhombic a‐axis in the out‐of‐plane direction. Using these highly crystalline films, obtained by mixing a very small amount (0.08 m ) of layered (2D) Sn perovskite with 0.92 m (3D) FASnI3, for the first time a PCE as high as 9.0% in a planar p–i–n device structure is achieved. These devices display negligible hysteresis and light soaking, as they benefit from very low trap‐assisted recombination, low shunt losses, and more efficient charge collection. This represents a 50% improvement in PCE compared to the best reference cell based on a pure FASnI3 film using SnF2 as a reducing agent. Moreover, the 2D/3D‐based HPSCs show considerable improved stability due to the enhanced robustness of the perovskite film compared to the reference cell. 相似文献