顺磁物质对土壤低场核磁共振信号特征及含水量测定的影响

核磁共振(NMR)技术由于具有高效快速、不破坏土壤结构且对人体无害等优点,逐渐被应用到土壤学相关领域研究中。然而,土壤中顺磁物质的存在对核磁共振信号特征的影响仍不明确。本研究旨在揭示顺磁物质对不同类型土壤低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)信号特征和土壤含水量测定的影响。结果表明:土壤水的LF-NMR信号量最高可达150左右,土壤矿物、有机质和微生物等固相物质的LF-NMR信号量基本不超过0.3,相对可以忽略。质地和顺磁物质对土壤水的LF-NMR信号量测量有更大影响。LF-NMR仪器存在弛豫时间监测盲区,信号量损失主要是由于顺磁物质加速了水中氢质子的弛豫过程,导致小孔隙中水分反馈的极快的LF-NMR信号不能被监测设备捕获。对于顺磁物质含量较少的壤性潮土(1.2%)和黏壤性黑土(1.3%),LF-NMR信号量损失不大,其与土壤含水量呈线性关系;但对于黏粒含量(45.3%)和顺磁物质含量(4.0%)较高的黏性红壤,测定中会损失一部分LF-NMR信号量,监测到的LF-NMR信号量与土壤含水量不再呈线性关系。此外,外源添加顺磁物质(3.0 g·L^-1的MnCl₂溶液)也会降低黑土和红壤中可被监测的LF-NMR信号量,黑土和红壤的信号量最大损失率分别为41.0%和46.7%,极大地改变其与土壤含水量之间的定量关系。因此,在利用LF-NMR测量富含顺磁物质(>1.3%)或有外源顺磁物质进入的黏性土壤的含水量时,应先通过校正降低顺磁物质等对LF-NMR信号量的影响。研究结果对利用低场核磁共振技术准确分析土壤水分分布及土壤孔隙结构具有重要意义。     

Substrate availability regulates the suppressive effects of Canada goldenrod invasion on soil respiration

基质有效性调节加拿大一枝黄花入侵对土壤呼吸的抑制作用 外来植物入侵不仅会降低河边近岸湿地生态系统植被多样性,而且会改变湿地生态系统的地下碳过程。外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)已广泛入侵我国东南部地区,但加拿大一枝黄花入侵对入侵地生态系统地下土壤碳循环过程的影响却知之甚少。本研究通过野外原位观测实验和温室模拟入侵实验,探究外来植物加拿大一枝黄花入侵对入侵地土壤呼吸的影响规律及其驱动因素。野 外原位观测实验开展于2018年7月21日至12月15日,期间每周测定样地土壤呼吸。温室模拟入侵实验开展于2019年7月15日至12月15日,期间每月1日与15日上午测定土壤呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸。土壤呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸通过静态箱结合深埋根系隔离法测定。野外原位观测实验和温室模拟入侵实验结果均显示,加拿大一枝黄花的入侵降低了土壤二氧化碳的排放通量。加拿大一枝黄花入侵对土壤呼吸的抑制作用可能归因于其入侵引起的土壤可利用底物质量与数量的变化,表明外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花可通过改变植物释放基质以及与本地植物和/或土壤微生物争夺土壤有效基质而影响土壤碳循环。这些研究结果对于评估外来入侵植物对入侵地地下碳动态的影响以及对全球变暖的贡献具有重要意义。     

不同集雨种植方式对干旱区紫花苜蓿种植的影响

在甘肃省定西半干旱黄土丘陵区采用完全随机设计,研究不同覆盖材料(普通地膜CMR、生物可降解地膜BMR和土垄SR)和不同沟垄比(60 cm∶30 cm、60 cm∶45 cm和60 cm∶60 cm)对径流效率、土壤贮水量、土壤含水量、紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：SR、BMR和CMR的平均径流效率分别为32.0%、90.7%和96.4%.在紫花苜蓿生育前期(4-6月),各处理之间土壤贮水量差异不显著;在紫花苜蓿生育后期(7-10月),BMR和CMR的土壤贮水量显著高于SR,SR的土壤贮水量显著高于平作,如在紫花苜蓿孕蕾期,平作、SR、BMR和CMR 0~140 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为223.27、248.56、277.81和284.16 mm.平作、SR、BMR和CMR全生育期实际干草产量分别为4112.1、3397.5、4317.8和4523.8 kg·hm^-2,水分利用效率分别为11.08、10.48、14.56、14.95 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2.在同一覆盖材料下,不同沟垄比对土壤贮水量和水分利用效率的影响不显著.当沟垄比为60 cm∶44 cm时,CMR和BMR处理的实际产量均达到最大.     

荒漠土壤微生物量碳、氮变化对降水的响应

以腾格里沙漠东南缘的典型荒漠植被为研究对象,通过遮雨棚和滴灌系统设置5个降水梯度,即极端干旱处理、中度干旱处理、对照、增水处理I和增水处理II,研究了荒漠土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和微生物碳氮比(MBC/MBN)对季节、降水和土壤深度的响应规律,以期为极端降水事件影响干旱荒漠区土壤微生物量碳、氮及其循环规律的深入研究提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)MBC、MBN和MBC/MBN对降水处理的响应存在差异,三者的变化范围为:230.14—272.87 mg/kg,13.82—17.58 mg/kg,19.78—36.06。其中,降水处理对MBC、MBN的影响显著,对MBC/MBN的影响不显著,在极端干旱处理下,MBC、MBN均显著高于其他降水处理;(2)两年间的MBC、MBN和MBC/MBN差异显著,2017年较2016年MBC、MNB显著减少,MBC/MBN显著增加;(3)MBC、MBN和MBC/MBN变化均表现季节性差异,变化范围分别为:153.31—337.09 mg/kg,7.89—22.29 mg/kg,14.82—46.04,其中MBC、MBN为春季最高、秋季最低,M...     

不同土壤水分处理对水稻光合特性及产量的影响

为探明土壤水分对水稻生长发育的影响机理,以武香粳14和两优培九为试验材料,分析了不同土壤水分处理下(W1、W2、W3和CK分别表示土壤体积含水量为20%、30%、40%和5cm水层灌溉)的水稻光合特性、产量及水分生产率等。结果表明,轻度水分胁迫(W3)具有处理间最大的叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率和净光合速率,其他处理规律不显著。灌浆初期各水分处理下叶位间光合指标均表现为:剑叶＞顶2叶＞顶3叶>顶4叶,其他生育期规律不显著。与对照处理(CK)相比,武香粳14的W1、W2和W3处理的产量分别减少61.14%和29.13%、增加0.96%,水分生产率分别减少10.69%、增加1.53%和20.61%;两优培九的产量分别减少64.11%和28.76%,增加2.08%,水分生产率分别减少16.39%,增加2.46%和22.13%。研究结果为水稻精确灌溉和节水生产提供了技术支撑。     

黄土高原生物结皮对SCS-CN模型初损率的影响

水文模型是水文过程研究的有效工具,初损率(λ)是径流模型SCS-CN模型的参数,对模拟流域水文过程具有重要意义.为了确定生物结皮对λ的影响,提高该模型在黄土高原生物结皮广泛分布的退耕地的预测精度,本研究以陕西省定边县鹰窝山涧流域不同盖度的生物结皮坡面为对象,采用模拟降雨试验,分析土壤潜在最大入渗量(S)与实际入渗量(F...     

Soil C erosion and burial in cropland

Erosion influences the lateral and vertical distribution of soil in agricultural landscapes. A better understanding of the effects of erosion and redistribution on soil organic carbon (C) within croplands would improve our knowledge of how management practices may affect global C dynamics. In this study, the vertical and lateral distribution of soil organic C was characterized to evaluate the amounts and timescales of soil organic C movement, deposition and burial over the last 50 years in different agroecosystems across Canada. There was strong evidence that a substantial portion of eroded sediment and soil organic C was deposited as colluvium close to its source area, thereby burying the original topsoil. The deepest aggraded profile was in a potato field and contained over 70 cm of deposited soil indicating an accumulation rate of 152 Mg ha yr^?1; aggraded profiles in other sites had soil deposition rates of 40–90 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1. The largest stock of soil organic C was 463 Mg ha^?1 (to 60 cm depth) and soil C deposition ranged from about 2 to 4 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1 across all sites. A distinct feature observed in the aggraded profiles at every site was the presence of a large increase in soil organic C concentration near the bottom of the A horizon; the concentration of this C was greater than that at the soil surface. Compared to aggraded profiles, the SOC concentration in eroded profiles did not differ with depth, suggesting that dynamic replacement of soil organic C had occurred in eroded soils. A large amount of soil organic C is buried in depositional areas of Canadian croplands; mineralization of this stock of C appears to have been constrained since burial, but it may be vulnerable to future loss by management practices, land use change and a warming climate.     

Testing the Performance of Fourteen Native Tropical Tree Species in Two Abandoned Pastures of the Lacandon Rainforest Region of Chiapas,Mexico

The rainforest of Mexico has been degraded and severely fragmented, and urgently require restoration. However, the practice of restoration has been limited by the lack of species‐specific data on survival and growth responses to local environmental variation. This study explores the differential performance of 14 wet tropical early‐, mid‐ or late‐successional tree species that were grown in two abandoned pastures with contrasting land‐use histories. After 18 months, seedling survival and growth of at least 7 of the 14 tree species studied were significantly higher in the site with a much longer history of land use (site 2). Saplings of the three early‐successional species showed exceptional growth rates. However, differences in performance were noted in relation to the differential soil properties between the experimental sites. Mid‐successional species generally showed slow growth rates but high seedling survival, whereas late‐successional species exhibited poor seedling survival at both the study sites. Stepwise linear regressions revealed that the species integrated response index combining survivorship and growth measurements, was influenced mostly by differences in soil pH between the two abandoned pastures. Our results suggest that local environmental variation among abandoned pastures of contrasting land‐use histories influences sapling survival and growth. Furthermore, the similarity of responses among species with the same successional status allowed us to make some preliminary site and species‐specific silvicultural recommendations. Future field experiments should extend the number of species and the range of environmental conditions to identify site “generalists” or more narrowly adapted species, that we would call “sensitive.”     

Anthracene Removal using Activated Soil Reactors

The aim of this study was to evaluate anthracene removal using activated soil reactors, previously inoculated, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In the reactors, the soil was maintained at 60% moisture (weight basis), room temperature, in the dark, and under constant agitation at 100 rpm. Two experiments were run during and after acclimatization to evaluate anthracene removal under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The first one took place during inoculum acclimatization using three different concentrations of anthracene (50, 100, and 500 mg anthracene/L per day) during 90 days. The second experiment took place after acclimatization (during 132 days). The results of anthracene removal were compared with controls in which no additional inoculum was added. During the two experiments, the behavior of pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biogas production was evaluated. Results indicate that the bacterial community adapted for removal of anthracene became enriched through the acclimatization process. Anthracene biodegradation occurred in the soil model with both types of reactors (aerobic and anaerobic), but the rates and extent of biodegradation in the aerobic reactor were higher (95%) than those in anaerobic conditions (74%). Microbial activity also contributed to enhancing bioremediation in the soil by reducing anthracene sorption.