海河流域植物硫素含量特征的研究

本文研究了海流域各类植物硫元素含量特征及与土壤硫素的关系,结果表明：海河流域植物全硫量平均值为０．２３２％,为正常含量的下限值,与我国南,北方一些地区比较属中等水平,其中栽培植物略高于野生植物,植物硫含量范围差别悬殊,最大值可为最小值的２６倍,以沿大城市的水系和地区的植物含硫量高,海流域的土壤全硫含量平均值为０．０４３％（指耕地和天然植被的土壤）,为正常土壤含量的中上水平,植物硫元素含量与土壤硫含     

宁夏回族自治区沙坡头地区半荒漠土壤中藻类的垂直分布

对沙坡头地区半荒漠土壤中藻类植物的垂直分布进行了为期一年多的采样、分析,结果发现结皮层有藻类植物24种,蓝藻及其丝状种类的比例最大;结皮下0-50mm和50-100mm层次分别有15种、10种,且都以硅藻及细胞种类丰富;深层次出现的种类在浅层次都出现;100mm以下层次没有任何藻种发现。生物量从表及里随深度的增加而锐减,99％的分布在结皮层;就结皮层中78％的在0-0.1mm层次,96％在0-1.0mm深度。种类数变化在结皮层和结皮下0-50mm层次都与降水量相关,而结皮下50-100mm层次基本不变。     

Combined effects of air and soil pollution by fluoride emissions on Tibouchina pulchra Cogn., at Cubatão,SE Brazil,and their relations with aluminium

High deposition of gaseous/particulate fluorides and other air pollutants has resulted in an acidification and probable formation of soluble AlF_x complexes in the soil in the vicinity of the industrial complex of Cubatão, SE Brazil. With the present field study we aimed at determining the contribution of F and Al uptake from fluoride-contaminated soil, supposedly as AlF_x complexes, to the increase of foliar F and Al contents in saplings of an Al-accumulator tree species (Tibouchina pulchra) which were concomitantly exposed to fluoride-contaminated air and also the proportional contribution of both air and soil contamination to the mentioned foliar accumulation of these elements. The seasonal variations in F and Al accumulation and possible metabolic changes in the plants due to F and Al accumulation were also investigated. The saplings were exposed during three consecutive periods of 16 weeks to: (a) air and soil from a reference site (PV_noF); (b) air or soil from two polluted sites (CM-high air pollution, low F and MV-high air pollution, high F); and (c) both air and soil from these polluted sites. After exposure, the changes in the foliar concentrations of F and Al, the relations between both element contents and their relationships with oxidative stress indicators were determined. The data were grouped in three matrices: PV_noF–CM_lwF and PV_noF–MV_hgF, taking in account the possible air/soil exposure combinations in each, and soil/air from all sites. The slight F accumulation in plants of PV_noF–CM_lwF matrix was a result of higher uptake from soil than from air (54 and 46%, respectively). At PV_noF–MV_hgF matrix, the extremely high F accumulation in leaves of T. pulchra could be attributed to the combination of both air and soil contamination (83 and 17%, respectively). T. pulchra always showed higher foliar Al concentrations than 1000 g g^–1 dry mass, mainly after exposure to air and soil of both polluted sites (CM_lwF and MV_hgF). A highly significant linear regression was estimated between molar Al and F contents, taking in account the data obtained for saplings of T. pulchra cultivated in the different soils and exposed to ambient air of PV_noF, suggesting that both elements were taken as Al–F complexes from soil. The uptake of fluorides from air and/or soil of MV_hgF caused significant metabolic changes in T. pulchra, but visible injury supposedly induced by fluorides were observed only when the foliar F contents surpassed 700 g g^–1 dry mass. On the contrary, Al did not cause any metabolic stress to the plants.     

Atlantic Forest topsoil nutrients can be resistant to disturbance and forest clearing

Human impacts can affect the soil properties through erosion and leaching, the ecosystem functions and, consequently, the capacity of a forest to regenerate. Here, we determine the effects of forest disturbance and succession on selected soil chemical properties using two different approaches, before‐after‐control‐impact (BACI) and space‐for‐time (SFT) substitution, and the threatened Atlantic Forest biome as model. We assessed with BACI the long‐term (37‐year) effects of clear cutting on soil properties by comparing data from two topsoil surveys (1978–2017) divided into two treatments: a preserved old growth forest (control) and an adjacent forest that was experimentally cleared with full tree removal (clear‐cut). We examined with SFT the relationship between stand age and soil properties using soil data from three old growth and 13 s growth forests ranging from 7 to 33 years. We found no significant differences between treatments for any soil property or significant changes in phosphorus, potassium, and calcium + magnesium over time. In contrast, pH increased and aluminum decreased in both areas. No relation was found between forest age and most of soil properties, with the exception of potassium which returned to old growth forest levels after 20 years of natural succession, and pH. BACI indicated that deforestation of old growth forest caused no significant effects on soil chemical properties after 37 years of regeneration. SFT demonstrated that soil properties did not change significantly during forest regeneration on formerly disturbed lands. Our findings indicate that natural nutrient‐depleted lowland forests were overall resistant to deforestation followed by passive regeneration at landscape scale. Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.     

强度石漠化区不同植被修复模式下土壤螨类群落差异

石漠化治理区不同植被修复模式下的土壤螨类群落差异反映了生态系统的恢复状况,可籍以反映石漠化治理的生态效果。2014年1月、4月、8月和10月,对贵州花江喀斯特峡谷区顶坛小流域强度石漠化区域的"花椒"、"金银花"、"花椒+金银花"3种植被修复生境的土壤螨类进行了调查,共捕获土壤螨类1372头,隶属3目55科89属。采用类群(属)数、个体数量、个体密度、多样性指数(H')、丰富度指数(SR)、均匀性指数(J)、相似性指数(CN)、捕食性螨类成熟度指数(MI)和甲螨MGP类群等参数对土壤螨类群落差异进行了表征。结果显示,花椒林拥有较丰富的螨类属,金银花林拥有较高的的个体数量和个体密度。不同模式下的科、属类群组成呈现差异;属数、个体数量存在一定的季节差异,花椒林的螨类属数、金银花林的螨类个体数量和个体密度呈现一定的表聚性;群落多样性大多存在季节差异;捕食性革螨以r选择型为主,甲螨主要为O型和M型。研究表明,强度石漠化在不同植被修复模式下,土壤螨类生物生态类群存在差异,土壤生态系统仍处于修复之中,其中螨类优势属、具有典型生物学与生态学特性差异的螨类类群对石漠化治理的生态效果具有重要的指示作用。     

基于物种多样性与生物量关系的草地群落稳定性对全球变暖的响应研究进展

全球变暖背景下物种多样性和生物量的空间变化格局及其对温度升高的响应是生态学研究的热点内容,是探究群落稳定性响应全球变暖的关键.物种分布是多个生态过程相互作用的产物,温度升高通过改变群落关键种的作用影响物种多样性,从而改变群落稳定性.关于草地群落稳定性对全球变暖的响应过程,国内外学者的相关研究存在很大差异.该文作者结合自...     

玉米农田土壤呼吸作用的空间异质性及其根系呼吸作用的贡献

基于4月底到9月底东北地区玉米农田土壤呼吸作用全生长季的观测,阐明了土壤呼吸作用的空间异质性特征,综合分析了水热因子、土壤性质、根系生物量及其测定位置对土壤呼吸作用空间异质性的影响,并对生长季中根系呼吸作用占土壤呼吸作用的比例进行了估算。结果表明,在植株尺度上,土壤呼吸作用存在着明显的空间异质性,较高的土壤呼吸速率通常出现在靠近玉米植株的地方。根系生物量的分布格局是影响土壤呼吸作用空间异质性的关键因素。在空间尺度上,土壤呼吸作用与根系生物量呈显著的线性关系,而土壤湿度、土壤有机质、全氮和碳氮比对土壤呼吸作用空间异质性的影响并不显著。通过建立土壤呼吸作用与玉米根系生物量的回归方程,对根系呼吸作用占土壤呼吸作用的比例进行了间接估算。玉米生长季中,根系呼吸作用占土壤呼吸作用的比例在43．1％～63．6％之间波动,均值为54．5％。     

Role of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. in the defense of plant roots

Plants have evolved strategies of stimulating and supporting specific groups of antagonistic microorganisms in the rhizosphere as a defense against diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens owing to a lack of genetic resistance to some of the most common and widespread soilborne pathogens. Some of the best examples of natural microbial defense of plant roots occur in disease suppressive soils. Soil suppressiveness against many different diseases has been described. Take-all is an important root disease of wheat, and soils become suppressive to take-all when wheat or barley is grown continuously in a field following a disease outbreak; this phenomenon is known as take-all decline (TAD). In Washington State, USA and The Netherlands, TAD results from the enrichment during monoculture of populations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG)-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens to a density of 10 (5) CFU/g of root, the threshold required to suppress the take-all pathogen, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. 2,4-DAPG-producing P. fluorescens also are enriched by monoculture of other crops such as pea and flax, and evidence is accumulating that 2,4-DAPG producers contribute to the defense of plant roots in many different agroecosystems. At this time, 22 distinct genotypes of 2,4-DAPG producers (designated A - T, PfY and PfZ) have been defined by whole-cell repetitive sequence-based (rep)-PCR analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PHLD, and phylogenetic analysis of PHLD, but the number of genotypes is expected to increase. The genotype of an isolate is predictive of its rhizosphere competence on wheat and pea. Multiple genotypes often occur in a single soil and the crop species grown modulates the outcome of the competition among these genotypes in the rhizosphere. 2,4-DAPG producers are highly effective biocontrol agents against a variety of plant diseases and ideally suited for serving as vectors for expressing other biocontrol traits in the rhizosphere.