纳板河流域土地利用变化对土壤有机碳及微生物生物量碳和氮的影响

与其他地区相比,热带森林的土地利用变化对碳循环的影响尤其显著。本文采用野外调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了纳板河流域自然林转变为旱地、水稻田、橡胶林、茶园后土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)和微生物生物量氮(SMBN)的变化。结果表明:自然林转变为其他土地利用类型后,SOC、SMBC、SMBN均显著下降,水稻田的SOC和SMBC下降幅度最大。赤红壤的SOC和SMBC、SMBN均显著高于砖红壤。相关性分析表明:SOC与SMBC、SMBN、土壤含水量呈显著或极显著正相关,与土壤容重、pH呈极显著负相关;SMBN与SOC、SMBC呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈显著负相关;微生物商与pH呈极显著正相关。     

长沙市不同污染程度区域桂花和香樟叶表面PM2.5吸附量及其影响因素

为阐释不同污染程度下城市绿化植物吸滞PM_2.5机理、解析污染物来源,应用气溶胶再发生器定量测定长沙市常见的2种园林绿化树种(桂花和香樟)植物叶片PM_2.5吸附量,同时应用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察了不同污染区(交通区、文教区、清洁区)植被的叶表面微形态特征,使用离子色谱仪测定样品中水溶性离子含量.结果表明: 污染程度与植物叶表面PM_2.5吸附量呈正相关,不同植物单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量全年均值表现为交通区(0.56±0.04 μg·cm^-2)＞文教区(0.48±0.06 μg·cm^-2)＞清洁区(0.33±0.02 μg·cm^-2),植物单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量季节变化为冬季(0.70±0.10 μg·cm^-2)＞春季(0.43±0.14 μg·cm^-2)＞秋季(0.39±0.12 μg·cm^-2)＞夏季(0.31±0.09 μg·cm^-2),桂花的单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量大于香樟;污染程度轻的区域的植物叶片比较光滑,污染程度重的区域的叶片较粗糙,植物粗糙度排序为交通区(195.45±16.09 nm)＞文教区(176.99±8.45 nm)＞清洁区(131.88±12.98 nm);不同污染程度地区PM_2.5离子含量均表现为冬季最大,其次是春季和秋季,夏季最低;3个污染区PM_2.5离子成分均以Na⁺、NH₄⁺、Cl^-和Br^-这4种离子为主,不同程度污染区PM_2.5污染均以移动源污染为主.     

Relative Sensitivity Distribution of Freshwater Planktonic Crustaceans to Trace Metals

Cladocerans and copepods are common inhabitants of ponds and lakes, but assessments of the toxic effects of chemicals on aquatic organisms are often based mainly on toxicity data for cladocerans of the genus Daphnia. The paucity of toxicity data for copepods and other species of cladocerans raised the question whether toxicity data derived primarily from daphniids can be extrapolated to protect other planktonic organisms. In this study, we address this question by systematically comparing between the sensitivities of cladocerans and copepods to the metals Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn using the species sensitivity distributions. Our results indicate that cladocerans are consistently more sensitive than copepods to Cd and Cu. Most importantly, sensitivities of D. magna, D. pulex, and Ceriodaphnia dubia, the three most commonly tested cladocerans, to these metals are higher than those of most copepod species and fall within the range of those exhibited by other cladocerans. C. dubia, a cladoceran with relatively small body size, is more sensitive to all metals than most other cladoceran species. Our results imply that water quality criteria of trace metals derived from datasets dominated by Daphnia are likely also protective to copepods and most other cladocerans.     

CO2 efflux under different grazing managements on subalpine meadows of Shangri-La, Northwest Yunnan Province, China

Soil carbon stored on the Tibetan Plateau appears to be stable under current temperature, but it may be sensitive to global warming. In addition, different grazing systems may alter carbon emission from subalpine meadow ecosystems in this region. Using a chamber-closed dynamic technique, we measured ecosystem respiration (ER) and soil respiration (SR) rates with an infrared gas analyzer on a perennial grazing meadow (PM) and a seasonal grazing meadow (SM) of Shangri-La in the Hengduan Mountain area. Both PM and SM showed strong unimodal seasonal variations, with the highest rates in July and the lowest in January. Significant diurnal variations in respiration were also observed on PM, affected mainly by air and soil temperatures, with the highest rates at 14:00 and the lowest before dawn. Both ER and SR rates were higher on PM than on SM from June to October, suggesting that the higher grazing pressure on PM increased respiration rates on subalpine meadows. The exponential model F = ae^{bT<,/sup> of soil temperature (T) explained the variation in respiration better than the model of soil moisture (W) (R2 = 0.50–0.78, P < 0.0001), while the multiple model F = aebT<,/sup>Wc gave better simulations than did single-factor models (R2 = 0.56–0.89, P < 0.0001). Soil respiration was the major component of ER, accounting for 63.0%–92.7% and 47.5%–96.4% of ER on PM and SM, respectively. Aboveground plant respiration varied with grass growth. During the peak growing season, total ecosystem respiration may be dominated by this above-ground component. Long-term (annual) Q₁₀ values were about twice as large as short-term (one day) Q₁₀. Q₁₀ at different time scales may be controlled by different ecological processes. The SM had a lower long-term Q₁₀ than did the PM, suggesting that under increased temperature, soil carbon may be more stable with reduced grazing pressure.}     

黔西北铅锌矿区植物群落分布及其对重金属的迁移特征

重金属耐性植物和超富集植物的筛选、鉴定和驯化是植物修复技术研究与发展的关键。以黔西北4个不同恢复年限的铅锌矿为研究对象,通过群落生态调查利用聚类分析方法筛选出研究区域中重金属耐性植物优势种,并分析其对重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的迁移富集能力。结果表明:4个矿区共发现高等植物22种,分属13科21属,筛选出9种重金属耐性植物优势种,其中转运系数大于1的植物有:黄花蒿(Cu)、珠光香青(Zn)、大叶醉鱼草(Zn/Pb/Cd)、野艾蒿(Cu/Zn/Pb/Cd);没有富集系数大于1的植物。其中大叶醉鱼草具有耐贫瘠、耐旱、生物量大等优势,可将其作为典型的重金属耐性先锋植物,用于矿区废弃地的植物修复。     

粉垄耕作对耕地土壤酶活性、微生物群落结构和功能多样性的影响

粉垄耕作是中国的一种新型耕作技术,对耕地质量和作物增产有重要影响。设置传统耕作深度20 cm(CK)、粉垄耕作深度35 cm(FL1)和粉垄耕作深度50 cm(FL2)对玉米耕地进行处理,重点研究了粉垄耕作技术对土壤微生态的影响,并阐明土壤微生物群落组成及功能对粉垄耕作的响应。结果表明,FL1、FL2和CK处理玉米产量分别为8.58、8.38和6.22 t/hm~2,FL1和FL2处理增产率分别为34.7%—37.9%。在0—20、20—40 cm土层中,粉垄耕作两个处理的土壤酶活性、微生物群落多样性和功能多样性均显著高于CK处理。通过结构方程模型发现,粉垄耕作直接提高了土壤酶活性、细菌参与养分循环的功能基团和细菌的群落结构,并通过细菌群落间接影响了真菌群落,增加了真菌参与养分循环的功能基团和真菌群落多样性,使土壤微生物碳源利用的能力和功能多样性指数得到提升,以FL1效果更佳。总之,研究从微生物的角度解释了粉垄耕作对土壤微生态的影响机制,为粉垄耕作提升土壤耕地质量提供了理论依据。     

不同林龄刺槐叶功能性状差异及其与土壤养分的关系

对不同林龄刺槐群落叶功能性状差异及其与土壤养分的关系进行研究,分析刺槐对黄土丘陵区土壤环境的适应策略.结果表明: 随林龄的增大,刺槐比叶面积、叶面积、叶片含水量、叶全氮含量及叶有机碳含量呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,且在30年林龄时达到最大值,分别为279.18 cm²·g^-1、12.33 cm²、0.09%、33.01 g·kg^-1、523.08 g·kg^-1.随林龄的增大,叶组织密度、叶全磷含量、叶厚度及气孔密度呈增大趋势,气孔长度及气孔宽度呈减小趋势.主成分分析表明,叶面积、比叶面积、叶全磷含量、叶片含水量、叶厚度及气孔密度均为刺槐叶功能性状随林龄变化的主要指标.各指标间呈一定的相关性,这表明刺槐能改变自身的形态结构,形成最佳功能组合以适应环境的变化.影响叶面积、叶片含水量、比叶面积及气孔长度的主要土壤因子是土壤全氮含量,影响气孔宽度、叶组织密度、叶厚度、叶全磷含量、叶全氮含量及气孔密度的主要土壤因子是土壤有机碳含量,这表明土壤全氮含量和有机碳含量是影响不同林龄刺槐叶功能性状的主要土壤因子.随林龄的增大,刺槐群落土壤养分得到改善,进而影响刺槐叶功能性状.不同林龄刺槐叶功能性状的差异反映出刺槐具有较强的叶片形态可塑性,有利于其适应黄土丘陵区的土壤环境.     

Burkholderia sp. SCMS54 reduces cadmium toxicity and promotes growth in tomato

Cadmium (Cd) can enter soil through the use of fertilisers, calcareous, pesticides and industrial and/or domestic effluents. Cd can leach into groundwater and be taken up by plants, potentially leading to reductions in plant growth and yield. In soil, plant roots interact with heavy metal (HM)‐tolerant microorganisms that may promote plant growth. Soil microorganisms may also be able to solubilise or mobilise soil metals, thereby acting as bioremediators. A better understanding of the interaction among plants, metals, microorganisms and soil will lead to improved plant tolerance. Two multi‐tolerant bacteria from the Burkholderia genus were isolated from Cd‐contaminated and Cd‐uncontaminated soil of a coffee plantation. In addition to its high tolerance to Cd, the strain SCMS54 produces indole‐acetic acid (IAA), solubilises inorganic phosphate and produces siderophores, demonstrating its potential to contribute to beneficial plant–microorganism interactions. When interacting with tomato plants exposed to Cd, the bacterium led to decreases in plant peroxide and chlorosis levels, promoted relative plant growth and decreased the root absorption of Cd, resulting in increased plant tolerance to this highly toxic HM. The results indicated that the inoculation of tomato plants with Burkholderia sp. SCMS54 promotes better growth in plants cultivated in the presence of Cd. This phenomenon appears to be attributed to a mechanism that decreases Cd concentrations in the roots via a beneficial interaction between the bacteria and the plant roots.     

Nitrogen addition reduces soil respiration in a mature tropical forest in southern China

Response of soil respiration (CO₂ emission) to simulated nitrogen (N) deposition in a mature tropical forest in southern China was studied from October 2005 to September 2006. The objective was to test the hypothesis that N addition would reduce soil respiration in N saturated tropical forests. Static chamber and gas chromatography techniques were used to quantify the soil respiration, following four‐levels of N treatments (Control, no N addition; Low‐N, 5 g N m^?2 yr^?1; Medium‐N, 10 g N m^?2 yr^?1; and High‐N, 15 g N m^?2 yr^?1 experimental inputs), which had been applied for 26 months before and continued throughout the respiration measurement period. Results showed that soil respiration exhibited a strong seasonal pattern, with the highest rates found in the warm and wet growing season (April–September) and the lowest rates in the dry dormant season (December–February). Soil respiration rates showed a significant positive exponential relationship with soil temperature, whereas soil moisture only affect soil respiration at dry conditions in the dormant season. Annual accumulative soil respiration was 601±30 g CO₂‐C m^?2 yr^?1 in the Controls. Annual mean soil respiration rate in the Control, Low‐N and Medium‐N treatments (69±3, 72±3 and 63±1 mg CO₂‐C m^?2 h^?1, respectively) did not differ significantly, whereas it was 14% lower in the High‐N treatment (58±3 mg CO₂‐C m^?2 h^?1) compared with the Control treatment, also the temperature sensitivity of respiration, Q₁₀ was reduced from 2.6 in the Control with 2.2 in the High‐N treatment. The decrease in soil respiration occurred in the warm and wet growing season and were correlated with a decrease in soil microbial activities and in fine root biomass in the N‐treated plots. Our results suggest that response of soil respiration to atmospheric N deposition in tropical forests is a decline, but it may vary depending on the rate of N deposition.     

Isotopic signatures of N2O produced by ammonia-oxidizing archaea from soils

N₂O gas is involved in global warming and ozone depletion. The major sources of N₂O are soil microbial processes. Anthropogenic inputs into the nitrogen cycle have exacerbated these microbial processes, including nitrification. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are major members of the pool of soil ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. This study investigated the isotopic signatures of N₂O produced by soil AOA and associated N₂O production processes. All five AOA strains (I.1a, I.1a-associated and I.1b clades of Thaumarchaeota) from soil produced N₂O and their yields were comparable to those of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). The levels of site preference (SP), δ¹⁵N^bulk and δ¹⁸O -N₂O of soil AOA strains were 13–30%, −13 to −35% and 22–36%, respectively, and strains MY1–3 and other soil AOA strains had distinct isotopic signatures. A ¹⁵N-NH₄⁺-labeling experiment indicated that N₂O originated from two different production pathways (that is, ammonia oxidation and nitrifier denitrification), which suggests that the isotopic signatures of N₂O from AOA may be attributable to the relative contributions of these two processes. The highest N₂O production yield and lowest site preference of acidophilic strain CS may be related to enhanced nitrifier denitrification for detoxifying nitrite. Previously, it was not possible to detect N₂O from soil AOA because of similarities between its isotopic signatures and those from AOB. Given the predominance of AOA over AOB in most soils, a significant proportion of the total N₂O emissions from soil nitrification may be attributable to AOA.