全文获取类型
收费全文 | 12979篇 |
免费 | 1345篇 |
国内免费 | 6321篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 142篇 |
2023年 | 459篇 |
2022年 | 518篇 |
2021年 | 592篇 |
2020年 | 742篇 |
2019年 | 881篇 |
2018年 | 836篇 |
2017年 | 853篇 |
2016年 | 797篇 |
2015年 | 801篇 |
2014年 | 767篇 |
2013年 | 1058篇 |
2012年 | 766篇 |
2011年 | 754篇 |
2010年 | 618篇 |
2009年 | 842篇 |
2008年 | 781篇 |
2007年 | 859篇 |
2006年 | 746篇 |
2005年 | 712篇 |
2004年 | 613篇 |
2003年 | 633篇 |
2002年 | 515篇 |
2001年 | 455篇 |
2000年 | 401篇 |
1999年 | 379篇 |
1998年 | 309篇 |
1997年 | 314篇 |
1996年 | 304篇 |
1995年 | 267篇 |
1994年 | 254篇 |
1993年 | 199篇 |
1992年 | 211篇 |
1991年 | 173篇 |
1990年 | 179篇 |
1989年 | 168篇 |
1988年 | 113篇 |
1987年 | 94篇 |
1986年 | 81篇 |
1985年 | 61篇 |
1984年 | 70篇 |
1983年 | 33篇 |
1982年 | 106篇 |
1981年 | 37篇 |
1980年 | 42篇 |
1979年 | 37篇 |
1978年 | 17篇 |
1977年 | 17篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
41.
Sewage of Marseilles' main outfall permanently pollutes a large coastal area centered around Cortiou, south of the city. In order to study the impact of that urban pollution on the zooplankton, more than 200 samples were collected between 1977 and 1981, according to several sampling strategies.Quantitatively, the study area showed a rather poor zooplankton. The more important populations were encountered near Cortiou, the non-perturbated reference point with lowest abundance of organisms. Sampling sites located near the outfall are sometimes azoic. Qualitatively, the observed communities are not characteristic of a heavily polluted environment, but correspond to an impoverished neritic community. In the more polluted area, the community is organized around the copepods Clausocalanus sp., Paracalanus sp. and Oithona helgolandica, and a group of less important species (Oithona nana and the cladoceran Evadne spinifera). Centropagidae, Coryceidae, Onceidae, but also Chaetognathians, Fritilliarins and the meroplanktonic larvae are more frequently encountered in clean water. Community structure is higher during the cold months than summer. The latter period frequently shows a disorganized zooplankton. In most situations, the copepod Acartia clausi plays a minor role in the structural definition of the communities.The variations observed seem largely independent of the parameters reflecting pollution intensity. Stress integration, in relation with the anterior community history (intensity of contact with polluted water, trophic potential of the area) seem to be the main regulator factors.
Impact d'une pollution urbaine sur la partie zooplanctonique d'un systeme neitique (Marseille - Cortiou)
Resumé Le rejet permanent du grand émissaire de Marseille (5 m3, sec–1) perturbe considérablement, par son importance, le système néritique du secteur de Cortiou. Afin d'approcher l'impact de cette pollution sur la partie zooplanctonique du système, plus de 200 prélèvements, concernant l'hydrologie et le plancton, ont of é\'t é réalises entre 1977 et 1981, selon différentes strategiés d'échantillonnage (suivi de masse d'eau, radiales, réseaux).Quantitativement on observe, sur l'ensemble de la zone étudiée, une abondance générale en zooplancton moyenne, voire faible. Les effectifs les plus importants se rencontrent cependant dans la cuvette de Cortiou, alors que le point de référence considéré comme non perturbé présente les effectifs les plus faibles. Les stations situées face à l'égout sont parfois azoïques.Qualitativement les peuplements ne paraissent pas trés caractéristiques d'un secteur pollué mais correspondent plutôt à un appauvrissement du peuplement néritique. Dans le secteur le plus pollué, la composition spécifique varie au cours du temps autour d'une communauté composée d'un groupe important avec Clausocalanus sp., Paracalanus sp., Oithona helgolandica et d'un groups de taxons moins fréquents représentés par des larves méroplanctoniques, Oithona nana et Evadne spinifera, tandis que les coryceidés, onceidés, Centropages typicus, chaetognathes et fritillaires se retrouvent plus fréquemment en eaux propres. La structure des populations est plus importante en période froide qu'en période chaude, période durant laquelle la communauté planctonique est fortement désorganisée. Paradoxalement Acartia clausi joue un rôle assez secondaire dans la définition structurelle de la communauté.Les fluctuations observées paraissent cependant peu liées à des paramètres reflétant l'intensité de la pollution. L'intégration du stress, en relation avec l'histoire antérieure de la communauté (intensité et durée du contact avec la nappe de dilution, potentialités trophiques) semblent ainsi prépondérantes.相似文献
42.
Celia Gluzman de Pascar 《Hydrobiologia》1987,144(2):125-130
The Oligochaeta of some streams flowing into the Rio de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, were investigated. Twenty nine
taxa (twenty four naidids, five tubificids) were identified. Most species are cosmopolitan, but Dero evelinae, Pristina leidyi, Slavina isochaeta and Bothrioneurum sp. are neotropical. Bratislavia unidentata, Haemonais waldvogeli and Nais pardalis are reported for the first time in Argentina. Variants occurr in the shape of the distal end of the penial sheaths of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. The dominant Naidid genera are Dero and Pristina. In the polluted El Gato stream only L. hoffmeisteri and L. claparedeianus were found. 相似文献
43.
D. Landowne 《The Journal of membrane biology》1987,96(3):277-281
Summary In 10 K artificial seawater (ASW). D2O replacement reduced the Na efflux of squid axons by about one third. In 0 K ASW, D2O replacement had little effect. D2O reduced the K+ sensitivity of the efllux but increased the affinity for K+. A 4° decrease in temperature mimicked the effects of D2O. When axons were injected with arginine, to decrease the ATP/ADP ratio, they lost K+ sensitivity in normal ASW, as expected. Their efflux into 0 K ASW became D2O sensitive. The results are discussed in terms of conformational changes in the Na pump molecular complex. 相似文献
44.
Summary The physical localization of sequences homologous to three cloned genes was determined by in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. Previous work had assigned the skeletal myosin heavy chain gene cluster (Myh), the functional locus for the cellular tumor antigen p53 (Trp53-1), and the cellular homologue of the viral erb-B oncogene (Erbb) toMus musculus chromosome 11 (MMU11). Our results provide regional assignments ofMyh andTrp53-1 to chromosome bands B2C, and ofErbb to bands A1A4. Taken together with in situ mapping of three other loci on MMU 11 (Hox-2 homeobox-containing gene cluster, theSparc protein, and theColla-1 collagen gene), which have been reported elsewhere, these data allowed us to construct a physical map of MMU11 and to compare it with the linkage map of this chromosome. The map positions of the homologous genes on human chromosomes suggest evolutionary relationships of distinct regions of MMU11 with six different human chromosome arms: 1p, 5q, 7p, 16p, 17p, and 17q. The delineation of conserved chromosome regions has important implications for the understanding of karyotype evolution in mammalian species and for the development of animal models of human genetic diseases. 相似文献
45.
46.
The influence of soil moisture and flooding on formation of VA-endo- and ectomycorrhizae in Populus and Salix 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
D. J. Lodge 《Plant and Soil》1989,117(2):243-253
Native mixtures of extomycorrhizal fungi were found to infect Populus and Salix roots primarily in very moist but well drained soils in both the field and in controlled experiments (0 to –0.2 MPa), whereas native mixtures of VA-endomycorrhizal fungi infected roots over a much wider range of soil moisture (flooded to –3.4 MPa). Although a moisture gradient experiment showed endomycorrhizal formation was greater in moist soil than in very dry or flooded soils, this pattern was reversed in field transects along drainage gradients. Infection by VA-endomycorrhizal fungi in the field was the lowest where infection by ectomycorrhizal fungi was high, which suggests possible antagonism among the fungal symbionts. The narrow moisture range for ectomycorrhizal formation, and antagonism among endo- and ectomycorrhizal fungi, apparently combine to produce the mycorrhizal distributions found in nature. 相似文献
47.
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Joydebpur, Dhaka during the late wet season. Basal
application of P at both 5 and 10 kg ha−1 significantly increased total biomass production and nitrogen fixation byAzolla pinnata R. Brown (local strain). Addition of both 5 and 10 kg P ha−1 in equal splits at inoculation and at six day intervals thereafter during growth periods of 12, 24 and 36 days increased
biomass production and nitrogen fixation by Azolla over that attained with the basal application. Biomass and nitrogen fixation
using a split application of 5 kg P ha−1 exceeded that attained with basal application of 10 kg P ha−1 and split application of 10 kg P ha−1 resulted in 0.58, 11.2, and 18.3 t ha−1 more biomass, and 0.47, 18.9, and 18.3 more kg fixed N ha−1 at 12, 24 and 36 days, respectively, than the same amount applied as a basal application. Analyses indicated that the critical
level of dry weight P in Azolla for sustained growth was in the range of 0.15–0.17%. Compared with the control, where no P
was added, and additional 30 and 36 kg N ha−1 were fixed after 24 and 36 days, respectively, when P was provided at 10 kg ha−1 using a split application. A separate field study showed that flooded rice plants received P from incorporated Azolla with
about 28% of the P present in the supplied Azolla being incorporated into the rice plants. 相似文献
48.
Uptake by corn and chemical extractability of heavy metals from a four year compost treated soil 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper gives the results from four-year field experiments on compost application, added at the maximum rate allowed by
Italian legislation (30 t/ha/y). The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate any eventual heavy metal accumulation in soil
and corn plants. Cadmium in corn plants increased particularly in the roots from 0.22 mg kg−1 to 1.31 mg kg−1, concentration of Zn and Cu increased in grains, from 26.8 to 35.8 and from 2.4 to 4.2 mg kg−1 respectively. Relevant increase in the roots was detected for Zn from 34.6 to 146.8 mg kg−1. Only in the 4th year Ni concentration increases in the root portion while the content of Pb and Cr in corn was generally
unaffected by the compost application. Heavy metals in the soil determined by a sequential chemical extraction, indicated
that extractability changed with time. A certain increase was found from the beginning to the end of the experiment particularly
for Zn, from 23.3 mg kg−1 to 45.1 mg kg−1 in extractable forms. Nevertheless the extractable amounts are rather small in respect to the total heavy metal content of
compost. 相似文献
49.
Effect of simulated forest fire on the availability of N and P in mediterranean soils 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The effect of soil burning on N and P availability and on mineralization and nitrification rates of N in the burned mineral
soil was studied by combustion of soils in the laboratory.
At a fire temperature of 600°C, there was a complete volatilization of NH4 and a significant increase of pH, from 7.6 in the unburned soil to 11.7 in the burned soil. Under such conditions ammonification
and nitrification reactions were inhibited. Less available P was produced immediately after the fire at 600°C, as compared
to P amount produced at 250°C. Burning the soils with plants caused a decrease in NH4-N and (NO2+NO3)-N concentrations in the soil as well as a reduction in ammonification and nitrification rates. Combustion of soil with plants
contributed additional available P to the burned soil.
The existence of a non-burned soil under the burned one played an important role in triggering ammonification and nitrification
reactions. 相似文献
50.
When following the pattern of the disappearance of NH
4
+
–N from ammonium sulfate applied to the flooded soil-rice plant system (field and greenhouse experiments) during a growing season, it was observed that the lowest NH
4
+
–N level coincided with the highest value of NR activity in the leaves. Nitrate was detected in both the root and shoot systems of the rice plants and autotrophic nitrifiers (Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter) were particularly abundant. Since it was also demonstrated in this work that the NR activity of rice plants grown with nitrate fertilization (growth chamber culture experiments) was inducible by its substrate, it can be assumed that NH
4
+
–N oxidation takes place in the water-logged soil studied. Therefore, the occurrence of the nitrification process following NH
4
+
–N fertilizer application can be predicted by thein vitro orin situ evaluation of the NR activity of the rice leaf as an indicator. 相似文献