土壤活性有机碳的表征及其生态效应

土壤活性有机碳指在一定的时空条件下,受植物、微生物影响强烈、具有一定溶解性、在土壤中移动比较快、不稳定、易氧化、分解、易矿化,其形态,空间位置对植物、微生物来说活性比较高的那一部分土壤碳素。国外描述这一部分碳素的术语为有效碳、水溶性碳、易氧化碳、可矿...     

湖南永州地区不同生境条件下钙质土土壤动物多样性

对湖南永州5种不同生境条件的钙质土土壤动物多样性进行了调查。共获得土壤动物2 024只,隶属于4门10纲30目,其中线虫类、蜱螨类、弹尾类为优势类群,占总捕量的66.10%;常见类群9类,占总捕量的27.17%。从水平分布上看,5种生境相似程度较大,其中尤以苗圃和杉木林、苗圃和柏树林、苗圃和荒地之间的相似程度较高。从垂直分布上看,5种生境中只有苗圃地较为明显,而各种生境中土壤动物具有明显的表聚性。苗圃、杉木林、柏树林3种生境土壤动物群落的多样性及均匀度呈基本一致趋势,且各生境间差别不大。     

安太堡露天煤矿排土场土壤种子库

采用种子萌发法研究了安太堡露天矿排土场的土壤种子库,共统计到17种植物种子,分属5科,以1年生草本植物种子为主.排土场土壤种子库具有极大的时空异质性,地上植被与土壤种子库群落组成上的相似性程度较低,复垦后期土壤种子库间相似性系数较低.随着复垦时间、复垦模式或立地条件的不同,土壤种子库的种类、密度各不相同.选择正确的复垦模式,有利于土壤种子库自我更新能力的增加和排土场生态系统稳定,对排土场的土地复垦和生态重建具有重要意义.     

黄土丘陵区土地利用及环境因子对土壤质量指标变异性的影响

利用统计学方法分析了黄土丘陵区中部700 km2区域土壤质量的变异性、影响因子及影响程度.结果表明:研究区不同土壤质量指标变异性有很大差异.土壤pH、结构系数、粉粒、比重、容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度及过氧化氢酶为弱变异性指标;土壤养分(N、P、K)含量、CaCO3含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)、粘粒、微团聚体平均质量直径(MICMMD)、团聚体平均质量直径(MMD)、水稳性团聚体、呼吸强度、微生物熵、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、呼吸熵及微生物生物量碳和氮为中等变异性指标;土壤活性有机碳、有效磷、抗冲性、渗透系数及脲酶为强变异性指标.土地利用类型变化对土壤有机质、氮含量、水稳性团聚体、渗透性、微生物生物量碳和氮、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶及呼吸强度等土壤动态质量指标的变异性起主导作用.变异性较小的CaCO3、全磷、全钾、CEC、质地、比重等内在土壤质量指标的变异性主要来源于地形等环境因子的差异.土地利用类型可解释97%的土壤质量指数的变异性,是黄土丘陵区土壤质量变异的主导因子.在黄土丘陵区土壤质量评价中,应当充分考虑土地利用类型和地形等环境因子的差异.     

Organic carbon content and distribution in soils under different land uses in tropical and subtropical China

Tropical and subtropical China comprises a land area of about 215 Mha, but reports on its soil C storage and contents are limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the C density, stocks and distribution in soils of this region under different land uses by using soil species data from the Second National Soil Survey and the Vegetation Map of the People's Republic of China (1:4 M). It was estimated that there is a total of about 28.7±8.2 Pg organic C stored in the upper 1 m of soils of the entire region. Changes of C content (C) with depth (D) were observed following a relationship of C = (c + D)/ (a + bD), or C = 1/(a + bD). Of the various patterns of land uses in the region, soil C density was generally higher in the west than in the east, and while small differences were found in croplands, there were large variations in natural soils. In the west, the C density of meadow and herbaceous swamp soil was the highest (about 40 kg C/m²), followed by coniferous and broad-leaf forest soils (19.6 and 19.2 kg C/m², respectively). The C density of paddy, bush and coppice forest soils showed a density of 12.6 and 14.6 kg C/m², respectively. Upland and grass-savanah soils ranked the lowest (9.4 and 10.5 kg C/m², respectively). In the east, meadow and herbaceous swamp soil had the highest C density (25.2 kg C/m²), but differences in C density among soils under coniferous forest, broad-leaf forest, bush and coppice forest, and rice were small, varying from 10.2 to 11.4 kg C/m². The C density of upland soil (7.2 kg C/m²), appeared a little higher than that of grass-savanah soil (6.3 kg C/m²). For the various land uses in the region, the C density estimation is accompanied by relatively large variations.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被区土壤生态化学计量特征

以黄土丘陵沟壑区3个植被区(森林区、森林草原区、草原区)不同坡向土壤作为研究对象,对土壤有机C、全N、全P、全K含量及其化学计量特征进行了研究.结果表明,不同植被区、坡向和土层土壤养分含量及其化学计量特征均有明显不同.土壤有机C、全N变异性较大,全P、全K变异性较小.表层土壤养分含量显著高于底层土壤;同一土层之间有机C、全N含量变异性较大,全P、全K含量变异性较小.不同坡向之间养分含量不同,阴坡最大,阳坡最小.土壤养分含量受植被类型及植被盖度的影响,森林区＞草原区＞森林草原区.土壤C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P、N/K比都较稳定,C/N比的变化范围为5.65-12.57,平均值为9.44; C/P比的变化范围为3.62-17.32,平均值为8.15;C/K比的变化范围为0.10-0.55,平均值为0.26;N/P比的变化范围为0.43-1.38,平均值为0.86; N/K比的变化范围为0.01-0.05,平均值为0.03;P/K比值较稳定,为0.03.土壤有机C和全N极显著正相关,全N和全P极显著正相关.     

桂西南蚬木群落优势树种分布与环境因子的关系

蚬木(Excentrodendron hsienmu)是广泛分布于桂西南喀斯特山地的优良用材树种,了解影响蚬木群落物种分布的主要环境因子,对蚬木资源的有效保护具有重要意义。该研究基于桂西南蚬木群落的样地调查,测定了样地中乔木树种的重要值以及海拔、坡度、坡向、土壤养分等8个环境因子,采用Pearson相关分析研究了地形与土壤等环境因子间的相互关系,运用典范对应分析(CCA)方法对群落主要树种与环境因子间的关系进行了排序。结果表明:调查共记录到胸径≥1.0 cm、树高≥1.5 m的立木共176种,隶属于50科128属;群落乔木层以蚬木占绝对优势,主要伴生种有广西澄广花(Orophea anceps)、金丝李(Garcinia paucinervis)、割舌树(Walsura robusta)、苹婆(Sterculia nobilis)。相关分析显示海拔与土壤有机质、全氮间呈极显著正相关;除土壤pH之外,其余土壤肥力因子间均呈极显著正相关。CCA分析显示全钾、全磷对群落优势种的分布影响最为显著,坡向、坡度对优势种分布也具有重要作用。该研究结果揭示了影响蚬木群落物种分布的主要环境因子,为该区域的植被恢复措施提供了科学依据。     

Dissolved Organic Carbon in Terrestrial Ecosystems: Synthesis and a Model

The movement of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) through soils is an important process for the transport of carbon within ecosystems and the formation of soil organic matter. In some cases, DOC fluxes may also contribute to the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems; in most ecosystems, they are an important source of energy, carbon, and nutrient transfers from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems. Despite their importance for terrestrial and aquatic biogeochemistry, these fluxes are rarely represented in conceptual or numerical models of terrestrial biogeochemistry. In part, this is due to the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the suite of processes that control DOC dynamics in soils. In this article, we synthesize information on the geochemical and biological factors that control DOC fluxes through soils. We focus on conceptual issues and quantitative evaluations of key process rates to present a general numerical model of DOC dynamics. We then test the sensitivity of the model to variation in the controlling parameters to highlight both the significance of DOC fluxes to terrestrial carbon processes and the key uncertainties that require additional experiments and data. Simulation model results indicate the importance of representing both root carbon inputs and soluble carbon fluxes to predict the quantity and distribution of soil carbon in soil layers. For a test case in a temperate forest, DOC contributed 25% of the total soil profile carbon, whereas roots provided the remainder. The analysis also shows that physical factors—most notably, sorption dynamics and hydrology—play the dominant role in regulating DOC losses from terrestrial ecosystems but that interactions between hydrology and microbial–DOC relationships are important in regulating the fluxes of DOC in the litter and surface soil horizons. The model also indicates that DOC fluxes to deeper soil layers can support a large fraction (up to 30%) of microbial activity below 40 cm. Received 14 January 2000; accepted 6 September 2000     

江苏常熟虞山土壤动物群落多样性研究

对江苏省常熟市虞山国家森林公园内的土壤动物进行了调查,共采得土壤动物样本 3916个,隶属于 5门 10纲,共26类群。蜱螨目、弹尾目和线虫纲是优势类群,占个体总数的88.22％,它们构成了该地区土壤动物的主体。对针阔混交林、竹林和茶园的土壤动物群落结构分析表明:土壤动物密度、类群数、多样性指数(H’)、密度-类群指数(DG)和多群落比较多样性指数(DIG)排序均为针阔混交林>茶园>竹林。茶园的均匀度指数最高。竹林的优势度指数最大。不同群落的相似性(q)分析表明,3种生境的土壤动物群落两两间的相似性指数q均大于0.5,都达到了中等相似水平。土壤动物的类群数垂直分布有明显差异,类群数向下逐渐减少。     

不同土壤培肥措施对华北高产农田原生动物丰度的影响

为了解华北高产农田生态系统中秸秆还田、有机肥和化肥投入水平等土壤培肥措施对原生动物群落丰度的影响,1999年10月~2000年9月在山东桓台冬小麦套种夏玉米的田间试验中进行了取样分析。田间处理1~处理9,依序为:全还,麦还,全还 化肥1,麦还 化肥1,全还 化肥2,麦还 化肥2,全还 化肥3,麦还 化肥3和全还 化肥1 有机肥处理。应用3级10倍环式稀释培养法对土壤中鞭毛虫、纤毛虫、肉足虫3类群原生动物的丰度进行了测定。结果显示:该研究地块肥力状况良好;土壤鞭毛虫和肉足虫占有绝大比例,分别为总丰度的39.47%和59.22%,纤毛虫仅占1.31%;土壤原生动物丰度在不同培肥处理中表现出相似的季节性动态变化特征;比较不同土壤培肥措施条件下的原生动物丰度水平为:全还>麦还,全还 化肥1 有机肥>麦还 化肥1,麦还 化肥2,麦还 化肥3>全还 化肥1,全还 化肥2,全还 化肥3;化肥对原生动物丰度表现出明显的抑制作用,而有机肥对原生动力丰度表现出明显的促进作用。化肥的施用量水平对土壤原生动物丰度的影响无显著性差异,作物秸秆采取何种还田方式对土壤原生动物丰度的影响也是不显著的,如麦还 化肥培肥地块的原生动物丰度仅略高于全还 化肥。