The social development of free-ranging infantLemur catta at Berenty reserve,Madagascar

The social development of 11 free-ranging infantLemur catta was examined over the first 16 weeks of the infants' lives. By 16 weeks, infants still occasionally suckled and were carried dorsally, but on the whole, they were independent of their mothers. Sex or mother's rank was not found to affect frequency or type of play behavior. Mother's rank had no effect on frequency of maternal rejections, from the nipple or from riding, but female infants were rejected slightly more frequently than males were. Mothers tended to reject infants more severely and more frequently from dorsal riding than from the nipple. Sex and rank differences were not found with respect to behaviors determined as measures of independence; however, lower-ranking infants engaged in significantly more dependent behaviors than higher-ranking young did. It may be necessary for the infant of a low-ranking mother to maintain closer proximity to its mother for a longer period of time during infancy because such infants may be subject to abuse by higher-ranking group members and, furthermore, may not be as readily rescued in a stressful or dangerous situation as a higher-ranking infant. Sex was not found to be a factor in terms of measures of dependence. The lack of sex differences in developmental behaviors in this species may be related to female dominance, as well as to the fact that, as adults, both sexes engage in aggressive territorial behavirs.     

Fission-fusion social organization inAteles andPan

Recent research on the ecology and behavior of free-ranging spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek) allows a more detailed comparison with the chimpanzee,Pan troglodytes, than has been possible previously. Despite their distant common ancestry, chimpanzees and spider monkeys share an unusual fission-fusion social system. In this paper, I compare subgroup size and composition, social unit structure, ranging behavior, patterns of philopatry and dispersal, and social relationships in the two taxa. It is proposed that spatial and temporal patchiness in food dispersion and abundance, resulting in a high-level of feeding competition between females within a group, has been the most important ecological selection pressure leading to the evolution of fission-fusion social organization in both species.     

Dominance in demand-feeding behaviour in Arctic charr and rainbow trout: the effect of stocking density

The effects of stocking density on the demand feeding behaviour of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were evaluated using demand feeders in combination with a monitoring system based on automatic passive integrated transponders. The proportion of total bites accounted for by top-ranked charr and trout decreased from 87 to 15% and from 66 to 15%, respectively, when moving from the lowest to the highest densities, indicating that the ability of the highest-ranked fish to monopolize the demand feeders was reduced at high densities. However, when the individuals were grouped into quartiles, based on their individual rank, both charr and trout ranked within the upper quartile accounted for the majority of bites independent of stocking density (87 and 72% of the total, respectively). Instead of there being a single dominant individual, as was the case under low density conditions, a small group of individuals dominated the actuation of the trigger at high densities. The two species responded differently to crowding, with the total daily bite activity of charr increasing linearly with increasing density, whereas the corresponding relationship was quadratic for rainbow trout, with a peak value at 24 to 36kg m⁻³.     

SIMPLE GENETIC BASIS FOR IMPORTANT SOCIAL TRAITS IN THE FIRE ANT SOLENOPSIS INVICTA

Variation in queen phenotype and reproductive role in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta has been shown to have a simple genetic basis in a single introduced population in the United States. The evidence consists of an association between this variation and queen genotype at Pgm-3, a phosphoglucomutase-encoding gene. In the present study, we surveyed Pgm-3 allele and genotype frequencies in diverse populations from the native and introduced ranges of this ant to learn whether this simple genetic basis for reproductive traits is a general feature of the species or a genetic anomaly in introduced ants stemming from a recent bottleneck or the invasion of novel habitats. No egg-laying queens living in polygyne (multiple-queen) nests possessed the homozygous genotype Pgm-3^a/a in any of the study populations, yet nonreproductive females from such nests (workers as well as queens that had not yet initiated oogenesis) possessed this genotype at moderate frequencies. Remarkably, Pgm-3^a/a was the most common genotype among all classes of females, including egg-laying queens, in monogyne (single-queen) nests from all populations studied. Genotype proportions at Pgm-3 in polygyne populations typically departed strongly from the proportions expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, whereas those in monogyne populations did not. These patterns establish that a single mendelian gene influences queen reproductive role in S. invicta and that this gene uniformly is under strong directional selection in the polygyne social form only. Moreover, the perfect association of Pgm-3 genotype and reproductive role in all populations, combined with the known function of phosphoglucomutase in insect metabolism, suggest that this gene may directly influence queen phenotypes rather than merely serving as a marker for a linked gene that causes the effects.     

Fatal attack on an infant by an adult female tonkean macaque

We describe a fatal attack on a 10-month-old female infant by an adult female Tonkean macaque (Macaca tonkeana)in a semi-free-ranging group. During an intense conflict involving many group members, an adult female, the second most dominant in the group, attacked the infant of a lower-ranking female. The attacker remained near the victim for approximately 20 min, grabbing and biting it repeatedly, until the mother retrieved the infant. She died 2 days later. An autopsy revealed no lethal injury;the main cause of death was starvation or dehydration or both. We discuss social conditions under which a fatal attack by an adult female might occur.     

Behavioural specialization in pre-reproductive colonies of the allodapine beeExoneura bicolor (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)

Summary Exoneura bicolor is a univoltine allodapine bee common in montane forests of southern Australia, where it exhibits a semisocial/quasisocial colony organization. Within-nest behaviour in postemergence autumn nests ofExoneura bicolor was recorded with the aim of studying behavioural specialization in pre-reproductive colonies. Ten complete colonies were transferred to purpose-built observation nests shortly before brood eclosion in late summer. Behaviour within observation nests was recorded for periods of up to 44 days after establishment, covering a period when colonies are preparing for overwintering. Dispersal of females and brood rearing do not occur at this time, although some females may become inseminated. Analyses of data using multivariate techniques indicated four distinguishable behavioural castes, designated here as Guards, Nest Absenters, Nest Modifiers and Non-recruits. This represents a higher degree of behavioural specialization than recorded to date for other allodapines. Behaviours performed by Guards and Nest Absenters are likely to involve considerable risks, but benefit the colony as a whole, so that some nestmates in prereproductive colonies exhibit altruism that frequently aids adult siblings or cousins. The males in our study were fed by females via trophallaxis and two of the males participated in nest maintenance tasks. Our results suggest that autumn colonies ofE. bicolor form well-integrated behavioural units even though brood rearing does not commence until the following spring.     

Dominance hierarchies in male lizards: Implications for zoo management programs

Depending on spatial requirements and the distribution of key resources in the environment, social behavior among lizards varies from defense of exclusive territories to the establishment of dominance hierarchies. In captivity or under conditions where dispersal is not possible, dominance hierarchies often emerge in species that are otherwise territorial. This review explores some of the morphological, behavioral, and hormonal determinants of social status in male lizards and how these may lead to differential reproductive function in dominant and subordinate individuals. Emphasis is placed on the importance of population density, local resource dispersion, and the composition and stability of social groups in promoting hierarchical behavior. Results of these studies have ramifications for several aspects of zoo management, including exhibit design, choice of animals to be housed together, provision of resources in space and time, and orientation of enclosures within captive breeding facilities. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social problems in geriatric dentistry: an overview

Many studies have reported on the dental status of elderly patients. The results demonstrate consistent differences between normative and perceived needs in addition to varying levels of awareness of dental education among carers. This review article attempts to integrate a range of social factors which must be considered if holistic and comprehensive care is to be delivered to elderly patients.     

Demography and social structure of one group of muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides)

We monitored one group of muriquis, or woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides), over a 9-year period at Fazenda Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The group grew from 22 to 42 individuals due to the births of 21 surviving infants. Eight immigrations involving immature females were offset by emigrations and disappearances. The home range of the group expanded as the group size increased. The group traveled as a cohesive unit during the first 6 years of the study, but recently it has begun to show greater tendencies to fission temporarily into smaller subgroups. Six adult males from the other muriqui group at this site have simultaneously increased their associations with the main study group. These observations indicate that the group is in a state of transition which may lead, ultimately, either to its division into two smaller units or to a more fluid social structure.     

The natural history of de Brazza's monkey in Kenya

Polygynous groups of de Brazzas monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus) were observed in the Kisere Forest Reserve between December 1987 and March 1989. Total number of contact hours was 528. Three troops numbered 11, 13, and 16 monkeys. Three solitary adult males were seen. All troops had a single adult male, at least three adult females, and juveniles. Five births occurred in the course of the study. Home range varied from 4.1 to 6 ha, and flooded areas of the forest were heavily used. This species was only found near rivers and spent more than 50% of the time below 5 m. Daily path length ranged from 330 to 1001 m. The de Brazza's monkeys were mainly frugivorous, but leave and invertebrates also formed a substantial part of the diet. Other guenons avoided de Brazza's, which did not join polyspecific interactions.