The relation between cell proliferation,differentiation and ultrastructural development in rat intestinal epithelium

Summary The ultrastructural development of the principal cells in rat small intestine was studied by morphometric analyses in relation to the exact cell position along crypt and villus. From the bottom to the tip of the crypt, a gradual increase occurred in absolute size of the total cell, the cytoplasm, the terminal web and of nearly all cell organelles. Also, the relative size of the cytoplasm, mitochondria, microvilli and endoplasmic reticulum increased during crypt cell differentiation. No sudden changes in ultrastructure were observed in the so-called critical decision zone, normally located halfway up the crypt where the proliferative activity ceases. At the crypt-villous junction a 1.4–3 fold increase in cell size, cytoplasm, terminal web and of most organelles was noted. Expansion of the proliferative cell compartment over the total length of the crypt as occurs during recovery after a low X-irradiation dose (72 h after 400 R) does not affect the normal development of cellular ultrastructure. These findings are discussed in relation to biochemical and cell kinetic data.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域生态系统服务权衡与协同关系研究

黄土高原植被恢复状况制约生态系统服务的提升,本研究依托中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所安塞国家科学野外观测站的基础土壤、植被、气象和水文等数据,在黄土丘陵沟壑区选取纸坊沟和坊塌2个典型小流域,通过购买1998、2008和2018年遥感影像,采用InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs)模型对生态服务(碳储量、土壤保持量、生境质量和产水量)进行评估,探究植被恢复过程中生态系统服务的协同效应和权衡关系。通过对比得知：随着植被的恢复,坊塌和纸坊沟各生态服务(碳储量、土壤保持量、生境质量和产水量)均得到了大幅度的提升,其中2008—2018年增加幅度较小,而1998—2008年增加幅度较大,主要原因在于该阶段(1998—2008年)是退耕还林还草的初始10年,林地及草地面积增长较多,而后10年为退耕的延续阶段,退耕面积增长减缓。从1998—2018年,受自然因素和人为因素的影响,坊塌和纸坊沟流域生态系统服务表现出协同和权衡关系。对于坊塌流域,2008年生态系统服务主要表现为协同关系,1998、2018年以权衡关...     

体外法探究猪空肠和回肠黏膜微生物对低聚半乳糖和低聚甘露糖的发酵特性

【背景】小肠黏膜微生物是肠道菌群的重要组成部分,大量研究表明日粮添加低聚半乳糖（galacto-oligosaccharides,GOS）和低聚甘露糖（manno-oligosaccharides,MOS）能够调控猪的大肠菌群结构,但关于其调控小肠黏膜微生物的研究较少。【目的】通过体外发酵法探究猪空肠黏膜和回肠黏膜微生物发酵GOS和MOS的规律。【方法】以生长猪的空肠黏膜微生物和回肠黏膜微生物作为接种物,以GOS和MOS作为底物进行厌氧发酵,在发酵0、6、12、24 h时采样测定总菌数量、pH、氨态氮（ammonia nitrogen,NH₃-N）、菌体蛋白（microbial crude protein,MCP）和有机酸,在24 h收集微生物提取DNA进行细菌定量分析。【结果】在24 h时,回肠黏膜组的NH₃-N浓度显著低于空肠黏膜组,而MCP浓度显著高于空肠黏膜组（P<0.05）。在发酵的前6 h各组pH无明显变化,有机酸积累较少。在12 h时,MOS组的乳酸、乙酸、丁酸和总短链脂肪酸产量显著高于GOS组（P<0.05）,此时只有回肠黏膜组有少量丙酸产生。在24 h时,MOS回肠黏膜组乳酸产量最高而pH值最低（P<0.05）。相较于MOS组,GOS组显著提高了丙酸的产量（P<0.05）。相较于GOS组,MOS组显著提高了乙酸的产量,在空肠黏膜组中显著提高了丁酸和总短链脂肪酸的产量（P<0.05）。定量结果表明,在24 h时,各处理组的厚壁菌门数量都接近总菌数量,属于优势菌门。相较于MOS组,GOS组显著提高了拟杆菌门、链球菌属、韦荣氏球菌属和普拉梭菌细菌的数量,提高了空肠黏膜组中Clostridium cluster IV和回肠黏膜组中Clostridium cluster XIVa的数量（P<0.05）。相较于GOS组,MOS组显著提高了大肠杆菌和乳酸杆菌属的数量,提高了回肠黏膜组中罗氏菌属的数量（P<0.05）。【结论】猪小肠黏膜微生物对GOS和MOS具有不同的发酵模式,主要表现在有机酸的产生和促进细菌的增殖方面。GOS具有产丙酸优势,提高了拟杆菌门和韦荣氏球菌属的数量;MOS促进了乙酸的产生,提高了大肠杆菌和乳酸杆菌的数量。     

Barley GRIK1‐SnRK1 kinases subvert a viral virulence protein to upregulate antiviral RNAi and inhibit infection

Viruses often usurp host machineries for their amplification, but it remains unclear if hosts may subvert virus proteins to regulate viral proliferation. Here, we show that the 17K protein, an important virulence factor conserved in barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs) and related poleroviruses, is phosphorylated by host GRIK1‐SnRK1 kinases, with the phosphorylated 17K (P17K) capable of enhancing the abundance of virus‐derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) and thus antiviral RNAi. Furthermore, P17K interacts with barley small RNA‐degrading nuclease 1 (HvSDN1) and impedes HvSDN1‐catalyzed vsiRNA degradation. Additionally, P17K weakens the HvSDN1‐HvAGO1 interaction, thus hindering HvSDN1 from accessing and degrading HvAGO1‐carried vsiRNAs. Importantly, transgenic expression of 17K phosphomimetics (17K^5D), or genome editing of SDN1, generates stable resistance to BYDV through elevating vsiRNA abundance. These data validate a novel mechanism that enhances antiviral RNAi through host subversion of a viral virulence protein to inhibit SDN1‐catalyzed vsiRNA degradation and suggest new ways for engineering BYDV‐resistant crops.     

浮游植物群落对海南小水电建设的响应

为探讨浮游植物群落对海南省小水电建设的响应,分别在海南省主要河流的上游支流已建小水电的蓄水水域与河道、规划(未建)小水电河段采集浮游植物样品进行比较分析.共鉴定出浮游植物种类62个属178种,曲壳藻(Achnanthaceae)、异极藻(Gomphonema)、菱形藻(Nitzschia)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulat)、席藻(Phormidium)、颤藻(Oscillatoria)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、平裂藻(Merismopedia)、舟形藻(Navicula)为主要的优势藻类,浮游植物丰度在5.1-163.6×104个/L之间,浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在2.73-4.53之间.研究结果表明,小水电建设对浮游植物的种类组成、优势种、丰度及多样性均有较大的影响.就浮游植物优势种而言,规划小水电河道以蓝藻及部分硅藻为主要优势种,已建小水电河道曲壳藻、异极藻、菱形藻等大型硅藻为主要优势种.在浮游植物组成及生物多样性上,未建小水电河道浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数略高,且种属分布更加均衡,而已建设水电站均趋向某一类藻占主导优势种.就浮游植物丰度而言,规划小水电河道浮游植物丰度均保持在20-30×104个/L内,已建小水电河段浮游植物保持在5-160×104个/L内且浮游植物丰度差异性较规划小水电大,小水电建设促进了浮游植物丰度的提升,但降低了浮游植物群落结构的稳定性、均衡性.虽然存在水电站阻隔,同一河流水系浮游植物种属来源仍可表现一定的趋同性,梯级水电特别是相邻水电间浮游植物群落组成存在较大的相似性.     

黄土丘陵区坡面整地和植被耦合下的土壤水分特征

水分是干旱半干旱地区植被恢复的主要环境制约因子。在黄土高原小流域,合理整地能够有效截留降雨补给土壤水,进而促进植被恢复。选择地处甘肃定西的半干旱黄土小流域为研究区,基于野外实测数据,分析不同植被和整地方式(柠条水平阶、山杏水平沟、侧柏反坡台,油松反坡台)综合影响下的土壤水分特征。采用最优分割法将不同整地方式土壤水分垂直层次划分为活跃层,次活跃层和相对稳定层。结果表明:生长季不同整地方式土壤水分的变化与降水量的变化密切相关,不同月份以及不同深度各整地方式土壤水分之间差异显著(P0.05)。根据土壤水分垂直变化特征,山杏水平沟水分活跃层与次活跃层为0—80cm,其深度范围均大于其他3种整地方式,而柠条水平阶土壤水分均在30 cm以下较为稳定,其深度范围均小于其他3种整地方式。不同整地方式土壤水分含量具体表现为:山杏水平沟侧柏反坡台柠条水平阶油松反坡台。     

RNA干扰抗病毒感染

RNA干扰是由双链RNA诱导的、关闭同源序列基因表达的机制。它是一种自然存在于植物、线虫、果蝇等真核细胞生物中的抵抗病毒感染方式。随着在哺乳动物细胞培养中成功地诱导RNA干扰,利用RNA干扰预防、治疗病毒感染已成为新的研究热点,并取得了有希望的成果。在未来,有望成为抗病毒感染的有效方法。     

NEOGENE MAMMALIAN BIOSTRATIGRAPHY IN CHINA:PAST,PRESENT,AND FUTURE

INTRODUCTIoNThedevelopmentoftheNeogenebiostratigraphyofChinawasoneoftheearliestgoalsoftheCenozoicResearchLaboratoryoftheGeologicalSurveyofChina,pre-decessoroftoday'sInstituteofVertebratePaleontologyandPaleoanthropologyaVPP).Therationaleforsuchstudies1iesintheuniversalobjectiveofestablishingthenatureandtempooffaunalchangeinaregionandinadjacentregionsthatarelinkedzoogeographically.Eventuallythedataareusedtoincorporatelocaleventsintotheglobalhistoryoffaunalchange.Besidesthisgoal,thereis…     

Four genes in two diverged subfamilies encode the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit polypeptides of Arabidopsis thaliana

The multigene family encoding the small subunit polypeptides of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in the crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana has been isolated and the organization and structure of the individual members determined. The family consists of four genes which have been divided into two subfamilies on the basis of linkage and DNA and amino acid sequence similarities. Three of the genes, designated ats1B, ats2B, and ats3B, reside in tandem on an 8 kb stretch of the chromosome. These genes share greater than 95% similarity in DNA sequence and encode polypeptides identical in length and 96.7% similar in amino acid sequence. The fourth gene, ats1A, is at least 10 kb removed from, or completely unlinked to the B subfamily. The B subfamily genes are more similar to each other than to ats1A in nucleotide and amino acid sequence. All four genes are interupted by two introns whose placement within the coding region of the genes is conserved. The introns of the B subfamily genes are similar in length and nucleotide sequence, but show no similarity to the introns of ats1A. Comparison of the DNA sequences within the immediate 5 and 3 flanking sequences among the genes revealed only limited regions of homology. S1 analysis shows that all four genes are expressed.