Distribution of birds on eastern and western slopes of the sierra aconquija in the northwestern argentine Andes

The populations of birds (diurnal birds of prey excluded) were studied on both east and west oriented slopes in the Sierra de Aconquija, Tucumán province, northwestern Argentina. The transect method of bird observation was combined with strip surveys. The study period was mid November till early March, during which time most of the Andean bird species are breeding. The eastern slope has frequent fog, whereas the western one is sunny with scarcely rain. Species occurrence and abundance were recorded which in part depend on the altitude. Probable further reasons for these patterns of local distribution are discussed.     

鸡桑药共生模式库区土壤养分变化及流失风险

密云水库是北京市主要地表水源地,为了有效防控水源保护区坡耕地以氮磷流失为主的农业面源污染,开展污染防控植物篱种植区散养和单独喂养油鸡试验研究;采集两种模式区土壤和散养模式区饲用桑植物样品,测定氮磷钾养分含量,分析土壤养分变化规律及其流失风险,建立经济有效种养生态防控模式。结果表明,与对照相比,两种油鸡养殖模式区土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮磷钾及硝态氮含量都呈显著或极显著性地升高,促进了散养共生模式区饲用桑和药用植物的生长,增加了对土壤养分的吸收;受养殖密度的影响,60只/666.7m2高密度油鸡喂养模式区或散养集中活动区有机质、全氮、全磷含量显著高于散养活动较少低密度区;受地表径流的影响,散养共生模式区坡下部油鸡少活动区域土壤速效氮磷钾含量与上部活动较多区域相比分别升高20.3%、71.9%和21.9%。喂养模式区承载粪便氮磷环境负荷分别为189 kg/hm2和84.8 kg/hm2,超过欧盟农田氮限量标准170 kg/hm2和粪便年施磷限量80 kg/hm2,具有较大的流失污染风险;20只/666.7m2低密度散养模式区承载粪便氮磷负荷分别为75.6 kg/hm2和33.9 kg/hm2,远小于环境限量标准,具有较小的流失污染风险。饲用桑与药用植物间作植物篱种植区散养油鸡排泄粪便矿化分解提供了植物养分资源,促进它们的生长,形成发达根系系统又可有效阻截模式产生有机物和氮磷流失,同时该模式提供了散养油鸡饲料资源。以上结果说明,桑树/药用植物/低密度散养油鸡是一种有效的农业面源污染生态防控共生模式,资源循环利用效率高,生态环境和经济效益好。     

A synthesis of genetic connectivity in deep‐sea fauna and implications for marine reserve design

With anthropogenic impacts rapidly advancing into deeper waters, there is growing interest in establishing deep‐sea marine protected areas (MPAs) or reserves. Reserve design depends on estimates of connectivity and scales of dispersal for the taxa of interest. Deep‐sea taxa are hypothesized to disperse greater distances than shallow‐water taxa, which implies that reserves would need to be larger in size and networks could be more widely spaced; however, this paradigm has not been tested. We compiled population genetic studies of deep‐sea fauna and estimated dispersal distances for 51 studies using a method based on isolation‐by‐distance slopes. Estimates of dispersal distance ranged from 0.24 km to 2028 km with a geometric mean of 33.2 km and differed in relation to taxonomic and life‐history factors as well as several study parameters. Dispersal distances were generally greater for fishes than invertebrates with the Mollusca being the least dispersive sampled phylum. Species that are pelagic as adults were more dispersive than those with sessile or sedentary lifestyles. Benthic species from soft‐substrate habitats were generally less dispersive than species from hard substrate, demersal or pelagic habitats. As expected, species with pelagic and/or feeding (planktotrophic) larvae were more dispersive than other larval types. Many of these comparisons were confounded by taxonomic or other life‐history differences (e.g. fishes being more dispersive than invertebrates) making any simple interpretation difficult. Our results provide the first rough estimate of the range of dispersal distances in the deep sea and allow comparisons to shallow‐water assemblages. Overall, dispersal distances were greater for deeper taxa, although the differences were not large (0.3–0.6 orders of magnitude between means), and imbalanced sampling of shallow and deep taxa complicates any simple interpretation. Our analyses suggest the scales of dispersal and connectivity for reserve design in the deep sea might be comparable to or slightly larger than those in shallow water. Deep‐sea reserve design will need to consider the enormous variety of taxa, life histories, hydrodynamics, spatial configuration of habitats and patterns of species distributions. The many caveats of our analyses provide a strong impetus for substantial future efforts to assess connectivity of deep‐sea species from a variety of habitats, taxonomic groups and depth zones.     

海岸带迎风坡环境干扰对造林植物叶片解剖、气孔和水分利用效率的影响

海岸迎风坡植被恢复是海岸带破坏生态系统修复的重要内容。本试验在广东中山市五桂山海岸带迎风坡（海拔300 m）选择了3种用于植被恢复的人工造林植物,红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）、米老排（Mytilaria laosensis）、云南石梓（Gmelina arborea）和2个同地点的野生种降真香（Acronychia pedunculata）与鸭脚木（Schefflera octophylla）作为实验材料,研究4年后3种造林树种对海岸迎风坡环境的适应。测定5种植物叶片的解剖特征、气孔形态、气孔密度（SD）和大小（SL）、光合作用和水分利用效率（WUE）等生理特性。结果表明,（1）5种植物的叶片解剖特征在迎风坡和背风坡都没有明显差异,除红锥外,SD和SL在两坡面也未表现出显著变化;（2）红锥和云南石梓在迎风坡显示出低的WUE,野生种降真香和鸭脚木有潜在的高的WUE,而米老排在迎风坡显示出对迎风坡造林环境有一定的适应能力;（3）5种植物叶片解剖特征和光合行为对潜在的水分胁迫响应的表型可塑性变化存在明显的种间差异。     

短期夜间低温后番茄光合作用及叶绿体超微结构的恢复效应

为明确短期夜间低温后番茄光合作用在常温下的恢复效应,研究了番茄幼苗经夜间15 ℃（对照）、12 ℃、9 ℃和6 ℃处理7 d后植株光合作用和叶绿体超微结构的变化.结果表明：短期夜间低温处理有利于恢复期番茄叶片的光合作用;12 ℃和9 ℃处理叶片叶绿素含量均可恢复至对照水平,6 ℃处理叶绿素含量则不可恢复;夜间低温处理并未严重抑制叶片气孔的形成,相反刺激了恢复期叶片气孔的形成与发育;6 ℃处理后叶绿体基粒片层排列较松散,片层数减少.恢复7 d时,夜间处理温度越低,叶绿体中淀粉粒越小、数量越少,基粒片层排列越整齐致密.另外,短期夜间低温处理促进了番茄植株叶片在恢复期的光合产物运输.     

Identification of tenuazonic acid as a novel type of natural photosystem II inhibitor binding in QB-site of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is a natural phytotoxin produced by Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of brown leaf spot disease of Eupatorium adenophorum. Results from chlorophyll fluorescence revealed TeA can block electron flow from Q_A to Q_B at photosystem II acceptor side. Based on studies with D1-mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the No. 256 amino acid plays a key role in TeA binding to the Q_B-niche. The results of competitive replacement with [¹⁴C]atrazine combined with JIP-test and D1-mutant showed that TeA should be considered as a new type of photosystem II inhibitor because it has a different binding behavior within Q_B-niche from other known photosystem II inhibitors. Bioassay of TeA and its analogues indicated 3-acyl-5-alkyltetramic and even tetramic acid compounds may represent a new structural framework for photosynthetic inhibitors.     

古田山10种主要森林群落类型的α和β多样性格局及影响因素

古田山国家级自然保护区地处中亚热带, 地形复杂, 森林群落类型丰富。我们在保护区内10种主要森林群落类型中网格化布置并调查了79个20 m × 20 m样地, 分析了不同群落类型内及相互间的α (Shannon-Wiener指数)、β (Horn-Morisita相异性指数)多样性分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明: (1) α多样性主要受到群落类型、海拔和坡向的影响。α多样性在不同群落类型间差异显著, 并且随海拔升高、坡向从南到北, α多样性增大。(2) β多样性主要受到群落类型和海拔的影响, 受空间距离的影响不显著。不同群落类型间的β多样性显著大于同一群落类型内部, 并且随海拔升高β多样性增大。总体而言, 群落类型和海拔是古田山森林群落α和β多样性的主要影响因子, 表明生境过滤等机制对该区域的森林物种多样性格局起着主要作用。     

五大连池火山色木槭叶功能性状特征

植物功能性状反映了植物对生长环境的响应和适应, 是连接植物与环境的桥梁, 研究植物功能性状特征及其随坡向的变化规律, 对认识不同微地形生境下植物群落空间格局形成及适应机制具有重要意义。本文以五大连池不同历史年代的8座火山共有树种色木槭(Acer mono)为研究对象, 测定了9类叶功能性状, 研究了植物叶功能性状在火山间及火山坡向间(阴坡-阳坡)的变化规律, 以期揭示生境对火山植物主要叶功能性状的影响, 以及阴阳坡植物生存策略的变化, 初步探讨了植物对环境的适应机制。结果表明: (1)坡向的变化是造成色木槭叶功能性状差异的重要原因; (2)火山间叶功能性状的差异反映了它们具有不同的资源环境, 色木槭生长主要受氮元素的限制; (3)南北坡向及火山间叶片厚度与叶面积均呈极显著的正相关关系, 叶片厚度与比叶面积在不同火山间均呈显著的正相关关系, 这与色木槭在火山土壤条件下的自我保护密切相关, 色木槭通过这些指标间的功能调节来适应环境的变化, 并形成最佳功能组合。五大连池不同历史年代火山的色木槭采用增加植物叶片叶干物质浓度、叶面积、叶片厚度、叶氮和叶磷浓度提高固碳能力, 通过降低比叶面积和氮磷比来适应干旱、土壤养分贫瘠的环境。     

东秦岭北坡中元古代晚期微体生物群--一个早期生命的新窗口

山西南部永济地区位于东秦岭北坡 ,在该地区出露良好未变质的中—新元古代地层。在水幽剖面的中元古界汝阳群北大尖组中保存类型多样的微体化石 ,包括具刺疑源类 (Shuiyousphaeridium (Du)Yan ,emend .Yin ,1 997;TappaniaYin ,1 997) ,球形、舟形疑源类和多种带状、管状藻类化石。其大的膜壳 ,突起附属物 ,脱囊开口 ,以及同平面不规则分枝丝体等都显示了真核原生物的形态特征。线形和螺旋形微细管体和网状结构物首次见于部分带状丝体和膜状碎片 ,推测这些管状物是底栖藻类为适应干旱缺水环境而发育的输导或加固支撑的结构物。当前 ,以具刺疑源类Tappania为特征的相似微体化石组合相继在印度、澳大利亚南部中元古代地层中发现 ,揭示了约 1