帕米尔高原慢性高山病患病调查分析

目的：调查帕米尔高原地区慢性高山病（CMS）患病情况,分析其临床特征及其影响因素。方法：采用青海CMS记分系统,对帕米尔高原地区的824名居民进行CMS症状调查,记录人口学特征、血压（BP）、血氧饱和度（SaO₂）、心率和CMS特异症状,抽取静脉血检测血红蛋白（Hb）值。结果：帕米尔高原地区CMS总体患病率为22.08%,其中轻度为21.84%,中度为0.24%,未见重度CMS患者。性别、民族、年龄、居住海拔高度、移居时间、职业、习服方式等是CMS患病的影响因素（P<0.05,P<0.01）,分别比较男性和女性的CMS患病率与高原红细胞增多症患病率,差异有统计学意义（χ²=90.59和44.13,P<0.01）。多元线性回归分析显示：年龄、体质指数（BMI）、SaO₂和收缩压（SBP）与CMS患病率密切相关（P<0.01）。结论：帕米尔高原地区慢性高原病患病率较高,而高原红细胞增多症并不多见,CMS患病类型以高原衰退为主。合理安排工作和运动,避免过度疲劳;合理吸氧,提高血氧饱和度;积极治疗,控制血压;安排平原休假或疗养等措施有助于改善慢性高原病症状,减少患病率。     

Polyamine transport in parasites: a potential target for new antiparasitic drug development

The metabolism of the naturally occurring polyamines-putrescine, spermidine and spermine-is a highly integrated system involving biosynthesis, uptake, degradation and interconversion. Metabolic differences in polyamine metabolism have long been considered to be a potential target to arrest proliferative processes ranging from cancer to microbial and parasitic diseases. Despite the early success of polyamine inhibitors such as alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) in treating the latter stages of African sleeping sickness, in which the central nervous system is affected, they proved to be ineffective in checking other major diseases caused by parasitic protozoa, such as Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis or malaria. In the use and design of new polyamine-based inhibitors, account must be taken of the presence of up-regulated polyamine transporters in the plasma membrane of the infectious agent that are able to circumvent the effect of the drug by providing the parasite with polyamines from the host. This review contains information on the polyamine requirements and molecular, biochemical and genetic characterization of different transport mechanisms in the parasitic agents responsible for a number of the deadly diseases that afflict underdeveloped and developing countries.     

Immunogenicity of plant‐produced African horse sickness virus‐like particles: implications for a novel vaccine

African horse sickness (AHS) is a debilitating and often fatal viral disease affecting horses in much of Africa, caused by the dsRNA orbivirus African horse sickness virus (AHSV). Vaccination remains the single most effective weapon in combatting AHS, as there is no treatment for the disease apart from good animal husbandry. However, the only commercially available vaccine is a live‐attenuated version of the virus (LAV). The threat of outbreaks of the disease outside its endemic region and the fact that the LAV is not licensed for use elsewhere in the world, have spurred attempts to develop an alternative safer, yet cost‐effective recombinant vaccine. Here, we report the plant‐based production of a virus‐like particle (VLP) AHSV serotype five candidate vaccine by Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transient expression of all four capsid proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana using the cowpea mosaic virus‐based HyperTrans (CPMV‐HT) and associated pEAQ plant expression vector system. The production process is fast and simple, scalable, economically viable, and most importantly, guinea pig antiserum raised against the vaccine was shown to neutralize live virus in cell‐based assays. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AHSV VLPs produced in plants, which has important implications for the containment of, and fight against the spread of, this deadly disease.     

离体胆汁稳定外源性气核的作用

用显微放大及摄录像方法观察了高空减压条件下溶液中气泡的生成。研究了３０只豚鼠离体胆汁在体外稳定外源性气核的作用,发现离体胆汁具有与胆盐相同的稳定气核作用;胆汁溶液中的气核能悬浮稳定２天,胆汁的此种离体活性可保持８天。结果提示胆汁中的某些成分与目前减压气泡形成机制研究工作中正在寻找的稳定体内气核物质有重要关系。此工作对阐明减压病病因有重要意义。     

Diel activity and preferred landing sites in Culicoides biting midges attacking Fjord horses

In the summer of 2014, in the central part of The Netherlands, Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) attack rates, biting rates, and preferred landing sites were determined for a pair of Fjord horses maintained permanently at pasture in an area devoid of cattle. Eleven body regions of the horses were screened for midges, each region sampled randomly for 5 min using a handheld mouth aspirator (pooter). Observations were confined to the hour immediately before and after sunset. Culicoides spp. were obtained from every body region, of which the four most abundant species – Culicoides chiopterus (Meigen), Culicoides punctatus (Meigen), the species complex Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen), and Culicoides dewulfi Goetghebuer – all were proven or potential vectors for arboviral diseases in livestock. Culicoides spp. activity was distinctly bimodal across the day, surging at sunset and 1 h after sunrise. Midges were inactive between 11:00 and 16:00 hours, these hours marking the time of day when horses can be pastured most safely but, thereafter, to avoid escalating attacks, would have to be stabled protectively. Around sunset, the mean attack rate of the four most abundant species ranged from 3.0 to 11.7 midges per min; of these, C. dewulfi and C. chiopterus were reared out of the dung of experimental horses. The Netherlands is home to the world's densest horse population (11 per km²), of which half are estimated to stay outdoors permanently with no access to protective housing. In the absence of a preventive vaccination policy, it is difficult to envisage how horses in northern Europe will be protected from infection during an outbreak of a Culicoides‐transmitted disease like African horse sickness.     

实验性高空减压病肺微循环障碍及消炎痛的预防效果

本文报导山羊实验性高空减压病肺微环障碍及其病理生理改变,并观测消炎痛对该病的预防效果。测定血气、肺泡一动脉氧分压差(A-aDO_2),肺分流率(QS/QT)、肺血管外水量/无血干肺重(PEWV/BFDL),血浆量变化率(△PV)及肺的组织学检查等项指标。结果表明:患重症高空减压病及因此而致死的山羊可发生复合性肺微栓塞(气栓,脂肪栓,血小板栓及自细胞聚集);并伴有肺充血、肺血管周围“袖套”样水肿及PEWV/BFDL增加,表明存在肺微血管滤出增加及间质性肺水肿,偶可发现局灶性肺泡水肿,动脉氧张力(PaO_2)降低主要与QS/QT增加有关,二者呈负的直线相关。高空减压病山羊可迅速发生血浆量减少、血液浓缩及血小板数减少。消炎痛有预防山羊高空减压病的良好效果,表现为:发病数减少,症状减轻;肺血管内白细胞聚集受抑制及血小板栓形成减少,肺微循环改善,QS/QT及PaO_2均正常化;减轻了血浆丧失并促使其更快恢复,防止血液浓缩,有利于血容量及血粘度保持正常。     

内耳减压病豚鼠听力和耳蜗组织的病理变化

研究探讨了内耳减压病豚鼠皮层听觉诱发电位阈值、耳蜗火棉胶切片、酶组织化学和透射电镜观察的变化。结果表明,豚鼠内耳减压病导致听力损失,耳蜗广泛的病理损害.毛细胞琥珀酸脱氢酶活性降低。提出了加压治疗内耳减压病时配合改善微循环、增加能量供应等见解。     

心肺功能运动试验用于急性高山病的评价

为了进一步探讨急性高山病(AMS)的生理学评价指标,先对15名男性健康青年在海拔2261及3417m处进行心肺功能运动试验.结果观察到低氧通气及心搏反应以及动脉血氧饱和度(Sao_2)变化出现较早且敏感。随后对90名男性进入海拔4520m及攀登5620m过程中发生AMS时进行症状学调查,并证实静息动脉血氧分压(Pao_2)和肺泡一动脉氧阶差(AaDO_2)大小与AMS严重程度关系密切。在运动负荷(Vo_(2submax))时,测定静息及运动时最大心率差值(HRD)、动脉二氧化碳分压差值(Paco_2D)及动脉血氧饱和度差值(Sao_2D),由此求得HRD/Sao_2D及Paco_2D/Sao_2D两项指标,分别反映低氧心搏及通气反应能力。对AMS的判别具有敏感性,与以症状学判别相比,总吻合率达92.2％。     

Host preferences of Palaearctic Culicoides biting midges: implications for transmission of orbiviruses

Feeding success depends on host availability, host defensive reactions and host preferences. Host choice is a critical determinant of the intensity at which pathogens are transmitted. The aim of the current study was to describe host preferences of Palaearctic Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Latreille using traps baited with the five different host species of poultry, horse, cattle, sheep and goat. Collections were carried out nightly in July and August 2009 in western France with three replicates of a 5 × 5 randomized Latin square (five sites, five hosts). Moreover, an ultraviolet (UV) light/suction trap was operated during host‐baited collections to correlate Culicoides biting rates and UV light/suction trap catches. A total of 660 Culicoides belonging to 12 species, but comprised mainly of Culicoides scoticus Downes and Kettle, Culicoides dewulfi Goetghebuer and Culicoides obsoletus Meigen, were collected on animal baits. Abundance was highest for the horse, which accounted for 95% of all Culicoides caught, representing 10 species. The horse, the largest bait, was the most attractive host, even when abundance data were corrected by weight, body surface or Kleiber's scaling factor. Culicoides obsoletus was the only dominant species attracted by birds. Both C. scoticus and C. dewulfi were collected mainly from the upper body of the horse. Finally, the quantification of host preferences allows for discussion of implications for the transmission of Culicoides‐borne pathogens such as bluetongue virus.