盐度对稀释平板法研究红树林区土壤微生物数量的影响

在使用稀释平板法分离潮间带红树林及其对照光滩土壤微生物以及计数时,多数情况下使用陈海水制作培养基和稀释水,很少考虑培养基和稀释水的盐度对最终计数结果的影响.使用稀释平板法研究了盐度对福建九龙江口红树林区与深圳福田红树林保护区土壤微生物平板计数的影响,结果表明培养基与稀释水盐度对微生物数量有明显的影响.统计分析显示细菌的海水稀释效果优于淡水,而放线菌与真菌则刚好相反(P<0.05,一个例外).海水不适合配制红树林区土壤微生物平板计数的培养基,从0～35,高盐度的平板培养基会降低微生物的数量,尤其是放线菌的数量,尽管培养基的盐度对真菌影响无规律,但细菌数量在低盐度时比在高盐度和不加氯化钠时要多.根据盐度效应,提出了稀释平板技术应用于潮间带的红树林及其相应光滩时的优化方法,认为细菌应该用海水作无菌稀释水,而放线菌和真菌则应用淡水作稀释水;包括光滩在内的红树林区土壤微生物分离与计数的培养基宜控制较低盐度范围.     

一株广盐性蛭弧菌的生物学特性

【背景】蛭弧菌有裂解水产养殖中常见致病菌的能力,具有重要的潜在应用价值,但在实际应用中,存在着菌株生长条件与应用环境不相符而导致效果差乃至无效果等问题。因此获得适应范围宽的蛭弧菌甚为关键。【目的】筛选出一株广盐性蛭弧菌以利推广应用;提升蛭弧菌蛭质体密度以利保存。【方法】以枯草芽孢杆菌为宿主,于浅滩水域分离纯化出一株广盐性蛭弧菌;对该广盐性蛭弧菌菌株进行分子生物学鉴定;之后探究其生物学特性及裂解性能,并研究谷氨酸钠、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)、吲哚等影响蛭质体密度的因素。【结果】分离获得一株广盐性蛭弧菌BDN-1,其适宜温度、盐度和pH范围分别为20-30°C、0.5%-3.0%、6.0-8.5;BDN-1对30株受试菌的裂解率为86.7%,对其中16株受试弧菌裂解率为87.5%;谷氨酸钠、吲哚、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)对BDN-1蛭质体密度有提升作用。【结论】研究结果提供了一株裂解能力强且海淡水均可应用的蛭弧菌菌株,查明了其生物学特性及影响其蛭质体密度的因素,为蛭弧菌的高效利用奠定了基础。     

大兴安岭兴安落叶松森林不同林型AMF分布特性

为了初步了解内蒙古大兴安岭兴安落叶松森林生态系统丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)多样性状况, 调查了5种落叶松林型和火烧迹地土壤中AMF状况。从90份土样中共分离到AMF 4属53种, 其中无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 25种(47.17%), 球囊霉属Glomus 23种(43.40%), 此二属为优势属, 内养囊霉属Entrophospora 4种(7.55%), 巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora 1种(1.89%)。杜香落叶松林的优势种为浅窝无梗囊霉A. lacunosa; 草地落叶松林没有优势种, 最常见种为浅窝无梗囊霉A. lacunosa; 柴桦落叶松林的优势种为一种无梗囊霉Acaulospora sp. 3和缩球囊霉G. constrictum; 落叶松皆伐林的优势种为刺无梗囊霉A. spinosa; 落叶松渐伐林的优势种为一种球囊霉Glomus sp. 3; 火烧迹地的优势种为刺无梗囊霉A. spinosa。5种林型中以柴桦落叶松林的孢子密度(41.00个/50 g 风干土)、物种丰富度(12.66种/土样)、多样性指数(H = 2.12, D = 0.85)都为最高。孢子密度与有机质含量呈明显正相关(r = 0.956*), 物种丰富度与速效磷含量呈明显的负相关(r = -0.899*)。     

树轮灰度与树轮密度的对比分析及其对气候要素的响应

通过对比新疆巩乃斯地区艾肯达坂采样点雪岭云杉5种树轮灰度年表与其对应4种密度年表的特征参数、年表曲线及其在全频域、高频域及低频域上的相关系数,发现早材平均灰度和晚材平均灰度的变化能够较好的反映早材平均密度和晚材平均密度的变化,而年轮最大灰度和年轮最小灰度的变化对年轮最小密度和年轮最大密度的变化则反映较差.与这一地区气象资料的相关分析结果表明,当年5月至8月平均最高气温与年轮平均灰度年表的相关性最好且具有明确的树木生理学意义,最高单相关系数为-0.542 (P＜0.0001,n=51).证明了树轮灰度在历史时期气候变化研究中的应用潜力,同时也为将来在这一地区开展利用树轮灰度重建历史时期气候变化打下了基础.     

Recent Advances in Design and Fabrication of Electrochemical Supercapacitors with High Energy Densities

In recent years, tremendous research effort has been aimed at increasing the energy density of supercapacitors without sacrificing high power capability so that they reach the levels achieved in batteries and at lowering fabrication costs. For this purpose, two important problems have to be solved: first, it is critical to develop ways to design high performance electrode materials for supercapacitors; second, it is necessary to achieve controllably assembled supercapacitor types (such as symmetric capacitors including double‐layer and pseudo‐capacitors, asymmetric capacitors, and Li‐ion capacitors). The explosive growth of research in this field makes this review timely. Recent progress in the research and development of high performance electrode materials and high‐energy supercapacitors is summarized. Several key issues for improving the energy densities of supercapacitors and some mutual relationships among various effecting parameters are reviewed, and challenges and perspectives in this exciting field are also discussed. This provides fundamental insight into supercapacitors and offers an important guideline for future design of advanced next‐generation supercapacitors for industrial and consumer applications.     

干旱和CO_2浓度升高对干旱区春小麦气孔密度及分布的影响

通过对不同土壤水分状况、不同 CO2 浓度条件下春小麦叶片气孔的观测结果表明 :干旱和 CO2 浓度升高不仅影响叶片气孔密度 ,而且也影响其分布。随干旱程度的加剧 ,气孔密度有明显的上升趋势 ,气孔在叶片上的分布趋向均匀 ;随 CO2 浓度的升高 ,气孔密度有明显的下降趋势 ,其分布也趋向均匀。水分状况和 CO2 浓度相同时 ,气孔密度及分布受不同温度的影响     

Disentangling multiple drivers of pollination in a landscape-scale experiment

Animal pollination is essential for the reproductive success of many wild and crop plants. Loss and isolation of (semi-)natural habitats in agricultural landscapes can cause declines of plants and pollinators and endanger pollination services. We investigated the independent effects of these drivers on pollination of young cherry trees in a landscape-scale experiment. We included (i) isolation of study trees from other cherry trees (up to 350 m), (ii) the amount of cherry trees in the landscape, (iii) the isolation from other woody habitats (up to 200 m) and (iv) the amount of woody habitats providing nesting and floral resources for pollinators. At the local scale, we considered effects of (v) cherry flower density and (vi) heterospecific flower density. Pollinators visited flowers more often in landscapes with high amount of woody habitat and at sites with lower isolation from the next cherry tree. Fruit set was reduced by isolation from the next cherry tree and by a high local density of heterospecific flowers but did not directly depend on pollinator visitation. These results reveal the importance of considering the plant''s need for conspecific pollen and its pollen competition with co-flowering species rather than focusing only on pollinators’ habitat requirements and flower visitation. It proved to be important to disentangle habitat isolation from habitat loss, local from landscape-scale effects, and direct effects of pollen availability on fruit set from indirect effects via pollinator visitation to understand the delivery of an agriculturally important ecosystem service.     

Local depletion of two larger Duikers in the Oban Hills Region,Nigeria

Across West and Central Africa, duikers are important for trade and consumption; their populations are expected to become depleted. Reliable data on their status are scanty in Nigeria. We assessed duiker populations in the Oban Sector of Cross River National Park through diurnal and nocturnal surveys along 32 transects of 2 km each. After 508‐km survey effort, only Ogilby's duiker (Cephalophus ogilbyi) and blue duiker (Philantomba monticola) were recorded. Using habitat as a covariate in modelling detection probability in DISTANCE 6.0, we estimated densities for the blue duiker ranging from 15.5 (95% CI: 7.8–30.9) in the core, 5.8 (CI: 2.6–12.9) in the buffer and 0.9 (CI: 0.09–10.1) km² in farm fallow to no duikers in the plantation. For Ogilby's duiker, densities ranged from 1.6 (95% CI: 0.7–3.7) km² in the core, 2.0 (CI: 0.8–5.1) in buffer to no duikers in farm fallow and plantation. The apparent absence of yellow‐backed and Bay duikers may indicate local depletion. We call on all stakeholders to rise up to the challenge of rescuing this biological hotspot in Nigeria from further degradation and species loss through improved funding for well‐equipped field staff and institutionalized community wildlife management.     

Temporal and spatial variability in the abundance,biomass and distribution of Palaemon peringueyi (Decapoda: Crustacea) are influenced by biological but not physico-chemical factors in the permanently open Kariega Estuary,South Africa

Biological and physico-chemical factors affecting abundance and biomass of shrimp Palaemon peringueyi were investigated in 2010–2011 in the lower, middle and upper reaches of the freshwater-deprived permanently open Kariega Estuary. Shrimp abundance and biomass ranged from 0 to 88 ind. m^?2 and 0 to 4.4 g wwt m^?2, respectively. Shrimps were most abundant in the lower reach, and highest abundances and biomasses were recorded in the lower reach in June when salinities were low. The shrimps were almost always absent in the upper reach. Juveniles were found mostly in the lower and middle reaches, whereas adults were distributed in all three reaches. Regression analyses showed no statistically significant relationship for either abundance or biomass of the shrimps with temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen (p > 0.05). The relationship between shrimp abundance and biomass and vegetation cover was positive and statistically significant (R² = 0.109 and 0.185, respectively; p < 0.05). Vegetation cover plays an important role in determining the presence, distribution and abundance or biomass of P. peringueyi in this estuary.