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51.
A preliminary study of the responsiveness to seasonal atmospheric and rainfall patterns of wash woodland species in the arid Richtersveld 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Wand Stephanie J.E. Esler Karen J. Rundel Philip W. Sherwin Heather W. 《Plant Ecology》1999,142(1-2):141-160
Seasonal carbon and water relations were compared among seven tree or shrub wash woodland species in the winter rainfall desert of the Richtersveld National Park, South Africa. Plants were generally aseasonal with respect to gas exchange, but responsive to rainfall events with respect to water relations and phenology. Relatively narrow annual ranges in potential evapotranspiration due to the maritime influence could explain why these plants respond more to fluctuations in water acquisition potential than to evaporative demand. Two species were summer-deciduous, but one of them (Ozoroa concolor) responded to aseasonal summer rainfall by leafing out and flowering. These two species had high shoot xylem water potentials when in leaf. All other species were sclerophyllous evergreens with low water potentials, particularly the shallow-rooted shrub Zygophyllum prismatocarpum, and Boscia albitrunca which may have a different rooting pattern to the other phreatophytes. The latter species was also unique due to its high leaf nitrogen contents, photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductances, despite very low leaf water potentials. Leaf stable carbon isotope composition C13C) varied between species (–22 to –27), but was lower than the mean for arid regions worldwide. The values indicated moderately high levels of water use efficiency, but a less conservative strategy in two species, including Boscia albitrunca. The affinities of these species to summer rainfall biomes, their apparent decline in the western arid regions in recent geological history following aridification, and their absence southwards in the winter rainfall regions, suggest that these wash species rely on sporadic summer rainfall events to some extent. They may be at risk if predicted increases in temperature and changes in rainfall patterns alter their effective moisture availability. 相似文献
52.
Young?Sik?Kim Chong?Ho?Lee Phillip?C.?Wankat Yoon?Mo?KooEmail author 《Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering》2004,9(5):362-368
A new one-column chromatography process, analogous to a four-zone simulated moving bed (SMB), was presented. The basic principle
of the process was identical to that of a four-zone SMB. The process consisted of one chromatographic column and four tanks,
instead of the four columns in the four-zone SMB (1-1-1-1), and has been used for the separation of two amino acids, phenylalanine
and tryptophan, using an ion exchange resin. The operating parameters for the one-column process and four-zone SMB were obtained
from equilibrium theory. Computer simulations were used to compare the performances of the new one column process to that
of the general four-zone SMB, using Aspen Chromatography™ v 11.1. The differences between the one-column and SMB processes in terms of the purities and yields of phenylalanine and
tryptophan were less than 4 and about 6%, respectively. The lower purities of the one-column process were due to the loss
of the developed concentration profiles in the column when the liquid was stored in tanks. The one-column process gave great
flexibility, and would be useful for reconstructing an existing conventional chromatography process to one of a SMB. 相似文献
53.
Enhancement of oxygen mass transfer in stirred bioreactors using oxygen-vectors. 1. Simulated fermentation broths 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Oxygen mass transfer represents the most important parameter involved in the design and operation of mixing-sparging equipment for bioreactors. It can be described and analyzed by means of the mass transfer coefficient, kLa. The kLa values are affected by many factors such as geometrical and operational characteristics of the vessels, media composition, type, concentration and microorganism morphology, and biocatalysts properties. The efficiency of oxygen transfer could be enhanced by adding oxygen-vectors in broths, such as hydrocarbons or fluorocarbons, without increasing the energy consumption for mixing or aeration. The experimental results obtained for simulated broths indicated a considerable increase of kLa in the presence of n-dodecane, and the existence of a certain value of n-dodecane concentration that corresponds to a maximum mass transfer rate of oxygen. The magnitude of the positive effect of n-dodecane depends both on the broths characteristics and operational conditions of the bioreactor.Notation d stirrer diameter, mm - d oxygen electrode diameter, mm - D bioreactor diameter, mm - h distance from the inferior stirrer to the bioreactor bottom, mm - H bioreactor height, mm - kLa oxygen mass transfer coefficient, s-1 - l impeller blade length, mm - I oxygen electrode immersed length, mm - P power consumption for mixing of non-aerated broths, W - Pa power consumption for mixing of aerated broths, W - (Pa/V) specific power input, W/m3 - s baffle width, mm - vS superficial air velocity, m/s - V volume of medium, m3 - w impeller blade height, mm - volumetric fraction of oxygen-vector - a apparent viscosity, Pa*s - density, kg/m3 相似文献
54.
Experimental study of rat beta islet cells cultured under simulated microgravity conditions 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Song C Duan XQ Li X Han LO Xu P Song CF Jin LH 《Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica》2004,36(1):47-50
To observe the effects of simulated microgravity on beta islet cell culture, we have compared the survival rates and the insulin levels of the isolated rat islet cells cultured at micro- and normal gravity conditions. The survival rates of the cells cultured were determined by acridine orange-propidium iodide double-staining on day 3, 7 and 14. The morphology of the cells was observed by electron microscopy. Insulin levels were measured by radio immuno assays. Our results show that the cell number cultured under the microgravity condition is significantly higher than that under the routine condition (P<0.01). Some tubular structure shown by transmission electron microscopy, possibly for the transport of nutrients, were formed intercellularly in the microgravity cultured group on day 7. There were also abundant secretion particles and mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed that there were holes formed between each islet, possibly connecting with the nutrient trans 相似文献
55.
Peterson RW Dutton PL Wand AJ 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》2004,13(3):735-751
Accurate prediction of the placement and comformations of protein side chains given only the backbone trace has a wide range of uses in protein design, structure prediction, and functional analysis. Prediction has most often relied on discrete rotamer libraries so that rapid fitness of side-chain rotamers can be assessed against some scoring function. Scoring functions are generally based on experimental parameters from small-molecule studies or empirical parameters based on determined protein structures. Here, we describe the NCN algorithm for predicting the placement of side chains. A predominantly first-principles approach was taken to develop the potential energy function incorporating van der Waals and electrostatics based on the OPLS parameters, and a hydrogen bonding term. The only empirical knowledge used is the frequency of rotameric states from the PDB. The rotamer library includes nearly 50,000 rotamers, and is the most extensive discrete library used to date. Although the computational time tends to be longer than most other algorithms, the overall accuracy exceeds all algorithms in the literature when placing rotamers on an accurate backbone trace. Considering only the most buried residues, 80% of the total residues tested, the placement accuracy reaches 92% for chi(1), and 83% for chi(1 + 2), and an overall RMS deviation of 1 A. Additionally, we show that if information is available to restrict chi(1) to one rotamer well, then this algorithm can generate structures with an average RMS deviation of 1.0 A for all heavy side-chains atoms and a corresponding overall chi(1 + 2) accuracy of 85.0%. 相似文献
56.
Endomorphin-2 (EM2, H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2)) is a highly potent and selective mu-opioid receptor agonist. A conformational analysis of EM2 was carried out by simulated annealing (SA) and molecular dynamics (MD) methods. Molecular modeling was conducted on both neutral (N-terminal NH(2)) and charged (N-terminal NH(3) (+)) molecules. Based on the results of NMR investigations showing an equilibrium mixture of cis and trans Tyr(1)-Pro(2) peptide bonds for EM2 in solution, simulations were performed with restrained cis-Pro and trans-Pro peptide bonds, too. A separate SA study with unrestrained Pro peptide bonds was also conducted. Preferred conformational states are presented in Ramachandran plots. The g(+), g(-), and trans populations of the aromatic amino acid residue side chains were determined in chi(1) space. The distances between the N-terminal N atom and the other backbone N and O atoms, and the distances between the centers of the aromatic rings and the Pro(2) ring, were determined. The energy distribution of the structures obtained by SA was calculated. The preferred secondary structural elements were different kinds of beta-turns, an inverse gamma-turn located in the N-terminal region, and regular and inverse gamma-turns located in the C-terminal region. These turns were stabilized by intramolecular H-bonds and bifurcated H-bonds. 相似文献
57.
间断性人工重力作用对模拟失重大鼠股骨的防护效应 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
目的:比较三种间断性人工重力对抗措施对模拟失重大鼠的影响。方法:SD雄性大鼠30只,按体重配对后随机等分为5组:对照组(C),悬吊组(S),站立组(G1),1.5G(G2)和2.6G人工重力组(G3)。对抗组大鼠每日分别给予1h的站立、1.5和2.6G人工重力作用。利用物理测量和三点弯曲等实验,观察了3周间断性人工重力对大鼠股骨生长、生物力学特性的影响。结果:与S组大鼠比较:G1组弹性载荷、最大和刚性系数显著恢复(P<0.05);G2组直径(P<0.01)和干重、密度(P<0.05),弹性载荷和最大载荷显著提高(P<0.05);G3组弹性载荷和最大载荷显著恢复(P<0.01)。结论:三种对抗措施均显著改善了尾吊大鼠承重骨的生长力学特性,而1.5G的1h/d人工重力作用是较理想的对抗方法。 相似文献
58.
We have undertaken the modeling of substrate-bound structures of angiogenin. In our recent study, we modeled the dinucleotide ligand binding to human angiogenin. In the present study, the substrates CpG, UpG, and CpA were docked onto bovine angiogenin. This was achieved by overcoming the problem of an obstruction to the B1 site by the C-terminus and identifying residues that bind to the second base. The modeled complexes retain biochemically important interactions. The docked models were subjected to 1 ns of molecular dynamics, and structures from the simulation were refined by using simulated annealing. Our models explained the enzyme's specificity for both B1 and B2 bases as observed experimentally. The nature of binding of the dinucleotide substrate was compared with that of the mononucleotide product. The models of these complexes were also compared with those obtained earlier with human angiogenin. On the basis of the simulations and annealed structures, we came up with a consensus topology of dinucleotide ligands that binds to human and bovine angiogenins. This dinucleotide conformation can serve as a starting model for ligand-bound complex structures for RNase A family of proteins. We demonstrated this capability by generating the complex structure of CpA bound to eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) by fitting the consensus topology of CpA to the crystal structure of native EDN. 相似文献
59.
The heptasaccharide isolated from the cell wall polysaccharide of Streptococcus mitis J22 serves as an important model for the dynamics and conformation of complex polysaccharides, illustrating the nature of flexibility with rigid epitopes joined by flexible hinges. One-bond C-H residual dipolar couplings (1DCH) and long-range H-H residual dipolar couplings (nDHH) were measured for the heptasaccharide in a cetylpyridinium chloride/hexanol/brine lamellar liquid crystal medium. A method is proposed to determine the nDHH in natural abundance based on a 13C resolved 1H TOCSY pulse sequence previously published to determine the homonuclear scalar couplings. Different methods for interpretation of the 1DCH and the nDHH residual dipolar coupling data obtained were compared and combined with the NOE and long-range H,C and C,C scalar couplings available for this heptasaccharide. A flexible model of the heptasaccharide was determined in which two structurally well-defined regions involving four and two sugar residues, respectively are joined by a flexible hinge which involves two 16 glycosidic linkages. 相似文献
60.
A new paradigm is proposed for modeling biomacromolecular interactions and complex formation in solution (protein-protein interactions so far in this report) that constitutes the scaffold of the automatic system MIAX (acronym for Macromolecular Interaction Assessment X). It combines in a rational way a series of computational methodologies, the goal being the prediction of the most native-like protein complex that may be formed when two isolated (unbound) protein monomers interact in a liquid environment. The overall strategy consists of first inferring putative precomplex structures by identification of binding sites or epitopes on the proteins surfaces and a simultaneous rigid-body docking process using geometric instances alone. Precomplex configurations are defined here as all those decoys the interfaces of which comply substantially with the inferred binding sites and whose free energy values are lower. Retaining all those precomplex configurations with low energies leads to a reasonable number of decoys for which a flexible treatment is amenable. A novel algorithm is introduced here for automatically inferring binding sites in proteins given their 3-D structure. The procedure combines an unsupervised learning algorithm based on the self-organizing map or Kohonen network with a 2-D Fourier spectral analysis. To model interaction, the potential function proposed here plays a central role in the system and is constituted by empirical terms expressing well-characterized factors influencing biomacromolecular interaction processes, essentially electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydrophobic. Each of these procedures is validated by comparing results with observed instances. Finally, the more demanding process of flexible docking is performed in MIAX embedding the potential function in a simulated annealing optimization procedure. Whereas search of the entire configuration hyperspace is a major factor precluding hitherto systems from efficiently modeling macromolecular interaction modes and complex structures, the paradigm presented here may constitute a step forward in the field because it is shown that a rational treatment of the information available from the 3-D structure of the interacting monomers combined with conveniently selected computational techniques can assist to elude search of regions of low probability in configuration space and indeed lead to a highly efficient system oriented to solve this intriguing and fundamental biologic problem. 相似文献