粤北与粤东北部分自然保护区森林群落的相似性探讨

利用样方调查法 ,对地处粤北和粤东北的乐昌大瑶山、乐昌十二度水 -杨东山、英德滑水山、连平黄牛石、和平黄石坳以及蕉岭长潭等地的植被优势科和优势种进行了比较研究。结果表明 ,各地植被的共有优势科为壳斗科、樟科、山茶科、金缕梅科、杜鹃花科等 ,与它们所处的中亚热带地理位置相适应 ,但优势种类及其优势度有差异。群落的相似性系数以黄石坳与长潭之间的 44.97%为最大 ;黄石坳与大瑶山之间的1 0 96%为最低 ,提示和平黄石坳可能是广东植被区划东西分区的一个关键地区。     

Mapping new EMBL-derived barley microsatellites and their use in differentiating German barley cultivars

By searching the EMBL DNA sequence database, we were able to develop 39 new, database-derived barley microsatellites. Eighteen of these EMBL microsatellites were mapped either to the interspecific barley map Lerche×BGRC41936 (L×41), the Igri×Franka map (I×F, Graner et al. 1991), or to both maps simultaneously. In addition, all 39 EMBL microsatellites were assigned to individual barley chromosomes by PCR screening of wheat barley addition lines. Both studies verified a random distribution of the microsatellites within the barley genome. Subsequently, 22 EMBL microsatellites were used to assess the genetic similarity among a set of 28, mainly German, barley cultivars and two wild form accessions. Spring and winter cultivars could be easily differentiated using the first coordinate of a principal coordinate analysis. Whereas the group of spring barley cultivars appeared rather homogeneous, winter barley cultivars could be divided into three subgroups. Two H. v. ssp. spontaneum accessions were included in the assessment of genetic similarity. They were placed among the winter barley cultivars. Based on the assessment of the 30 barley cultivars and accessions, the polymorphism information content (PIC) of each EMBL microsatellite has been calculated. The average PIC value among the EMBL microsatellites was equal to 0.38, which ascertains the value of these microsatellites as a genetic tool in barley genome research projects. Received: 6 December 1999 / Accepted: 23 February 2000     

Transmission identification of Escherichia coli aerosol in chicken houses to their environments using ERIC-PCR

In order to study E. coli aerosol spreading from chicken houses to their surrounding air, air samples, including indoor and outdoor air (upwind 10 and 50 m as well as downwind 10, 50, 100, 200 and 400 m away) of 5 chicken houses were collected using six-stage Andersen microbial samplers and Reuter-Centrifugal samplers (RCS). E. coli concentrations (CFU/m3 air) collected from different sampling sites were calculated. E. coli strains from chicken feces samples were also isolated. Furthermore, the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR method was applied to amplify the isolated E. coli strain DNA samples. Through the genetic similarity analyses of the E. coli obtained from different sampling sites, the spreading of bioaerosol from animal houses to the ambient air was characterized. The results showed that the isolated E. coli concentrations in indoor air (9―63 CFU/m3) in 5 chicken houses were higher than those in upwind and downwind air, but there were no significant differences between the indoor and downwind sites 10 m away from all the 5 houses (P>0.05). The phylogenetic tree indicated that a part of the E. coli (34.1%) isolated from indoor air had 100% similarity with those isolated from feces, and that most of E. coli isolated (54.5%) from downwind at 10, 50, 100 or even 200 m had 100% similarity with those isolated from indoor air or feces too. But those isolated from upwind air had a lower similarity (73%―92%) with corresponding strains isolated from indoor air or feces. Our results suggested that some strains isolated from downwind air and indoor air originated in the chicken feces, but most of isolates obtained from upwind air samples did not come from the chicken feces or indoor air. Effective hygienic measures should be taken in animal farms to prevent or minimize downwind spreading of microorganism aerosol.     

基于疾病本体的疾病相似性计算方法

疾病相似性研究对于复杂疾病发病机制的理解、诊断、预测和药物研发具有重要意义.最近,研究人员通过集成多种疾病术语库,构建了描述疾病关系的疾病本体(disease ontology,DO),这为从DO角度研究疾病相似性打下了基础.本文综述了基于DO及其注释信息的疾病相似性计算方法,探讨了疾病相似性计算存在的问题和挑战,为疾病相似性进一步的研究提供有益参考.     

An unexpected source of invertebrate community recovery in intermittent streams from a humid continental climate

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青檀果内生真菌菌群的组成及多样性

为进一步了解我国古老特有的野生植物青檀内生真菌的组成特征,以安徽琅琊山自然保护区内的野生青檀果为研究对象,采用组织分离和形态学鉴定的方法对青檀果内生真菌进行了分离和鉴定.结果表明: 从500个组织块中共分离内生真菌428株,隶属于3目4科20属,未产孢的菌株暂归为无孢菌群(80株,18.7%).暗梗孢科和球壳孢科是青檀果内生真菌的优势科,分别占38.1%和32.9%,交链孢属和拟茎点霉属为其优势属,分别占27.1%和16.8%.青檀果不同部位内生真菌的组成存在差异,以种子中分离的内生真菌数量最多(19属181株,占42.3%),果翅中分离的内生真菌最少(7属88株,占20.6%).除了交链孢属为3个不同部位的共同优势属之外,拟茎点霉属和大茎点霉属分别是果柄和果翅的优势属.果柄和果翅内生真菌菌群的组成相似性最高(C_S=0.78),种子和果翅的相似性系数最低(C_S=0.50).分析显示,果柄与果翅在内生真菌菌群组成上无显著差异,而种子与果柄、种子与果翅在内生真菌菌群组成上均存在显著差异.     

Spatial similarity of urban bird communities: a multiscale approach

Aim Human land use, especially urbanization, might homogenize the world's biota. The objective of this study is to find out if urbanization homogenizes wintering bird communities, and if habitat type affects the spatial variation of urban bird communities across spatial scales. Location We compared the quantitative similarity of winter bird communities between town centres, apartment block areas and single‐family house areas across regional and local scales in five towns in northern Finland. Methods The wintering birds were surveyed using a single‐visit study plot (30 ha) method in January and February 2001. The validity of single‐visit and single‐year data was confirmed by using data from several‐visit surveys and multi‐year data set. The level of urbanization was measured according to the number of inhabitants and general structure of the habitat. Results Temporal variability in species richness and total number of individuals was low, both between winters and within winter. Bird community similarity between different habitat types within a single town was about the same as that in similar habitats in different towns. At the regional scale, bird community similarity between town centres (30%) was lower than between areas of apartment blocks (54%) or between areas of single‐family houses (54%). We detected a threshold point between towns of 35,000 and 105,000 inhabitants and between town sizes of 5.0–8.5 km in diameter where human impact causes marked changes in bird community structure. At the local scale, bird community similarity level between apartment block areas (49%) and single‐family house areas (62%) were about the same. Passer domesticus, Parus major and Pica pica dominated the bird communities in residential areas. Different habitat factors affected bird species abundances on the local and regional scales. Conclusions Urbanization cannot be seen as a process that monotonically increases the similarity of bird communities. Our results indicate that the similarity between urban bird communities is dependent on the size of the town, location of the study site within the town and especially the local habitat structure. Because different habitat factors affected bird species abundances, it is difficult to extrapolate bird–habitat relationships derived from one scale to other scales. In wintertime, single‐family house areas are important biodiversity hotspots in cities. Therefore, it is especially important to understand the factors affecting the occurrence of birds in the single‐family house area in order to maintain or even increase diversity on winter birds in other urban habitats.     

Development and validation of a spectral library searching method for peptide identification from MS/MS

A notable inefficiency of shotgun proteomics experiments is the repeated rediscovery of the same identifiable peptides by sequence database searching methods, which often are time-consuming and error-prone. A more precise and efficient method, in which previously observed and identified peptide MS/MS spectra are catalogued and condensed into searchable spectral libraries to allow new identifications by spectral matching, is seen as a promising alternative. To that end, an open-source, functionally complete, high-throughput and readily extensible MS/MS spectral searching tool, SpectraST, was developed. A high-quality spectral library was constructed by combining the high-confidence identifications of millions of spectra taken from various data repositories and searched using four sequence search engines. The resulting library consists of over 30,000 spectra for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using this library, SpectraST vastly outperforms the sequence search engine SEQUEST in terms of speed and the ability to discriminate good and bad hits. A unique advantage of SpectraST is its full integration into the popular Trans Proteomic Pipeline suite of software, which facilitates user adoption and provides important functionalities such as peptide and protein probability assignment, quantification, and data visualization. This method of spectral library searching is especially suited for targeted proteomics applications, offering superior performance to traditional sequence searching.     

牦牛放牧强度对小嵩草草甸两季轮牧草场植物群落数量特征的影响

基于小嵩草(Kobresia parva)草甸连续2年的牦牛放牧控制试验,研究了暖季和冷季放牧草场植物群落数量特征的变化.结果表明:在2年的放牧期内,小嵩草草甸2季草场优良牧草的盖度随放牧强度的提高呈降低趋势,而杂草的盖度呈增加趋势;2季草场对照、轻度放牧和中度放牧组的优势种均为小嵩草和垂穗披碱草,但暖季草场重度放牧下主要优势种变为鹅绒委陵菜和阿拉善马先蒿,冷季草场重度放牧下小嵩草和鹅绒委陵菜为主要优势种;放牧强度之间的差异越大,2季草场各放牧处理间群落的相似性程度越低,说明放牧强度是引起群落差异的主要原因,也是群落变化的主导因子.2季草场各放牧处理的物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数在对照组最低,中度放牧组最高,其指数排序为:对照＜轻度放牧＜重度放牧＜中度放牧,这一结果支持“中度干扰理论”.     

燕麦孢囊线虫孢囊定殖菌物的多样性

为揭示燕麦孢囊线虫孢囊定殖菌物的多样性,从青岛市选择3个罹患燕麦孢囊线虫病的冬小麦地,在返青期至成熟期,定时采集小麦根际燕麦孢囊线虫病土样,采用孢囊刺破法、单孢分离法或单菌丝分离法对定殖菌物进行分离纯化,并对定殖菌物进行形态鉴定和分子鉴定以及多样性分析。结果表明,从3个地点分离得到1 072个菌株,这些菌株归属于19目（含3个未定目）28科（含10个未定科）35属（含3个未定属）,其中轮枝孢属Verticillium的相对多度最高,为25.2%,是优势属;镰孢菌属Fusarium、黑团孢属Periconia及链格孢属Alternaria的相对多度分别为14.9%、13.5%及13.4%。示范园样品的Margalef’s丰富度指数,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及Pielou均匀度指数均最高,分别为4.30、2.516及0.755;家属区样品的Margalef’s丰富度指数最低,为3.18;而葛家屯样品的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数最低,分别为2.077和0.654。3个地点定殖菌物群落组成的Jaccard相似性指数在0.486-0.607之间。