High frequency plant regeneration from the cotyledonary node of common bean

An efficient regeneration system for Phaseolus vulgaris was developed from mature seeds germinated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with thidiazuron or N⁶-benzylaminopurine (BA) for 6 d. Using cotyledonary nodes, multiple buds were induced on the MS medium supplemented with 5.0 mg dm⁻³ BA with the induction frequency 71.9 % after 4-week culture. The buds were then transferred onto shoot formation medium containing 1.0 mg dm⁻³ BA, 0.1 mg dm⁻³ gibberellic acid and 2.0 mg dm⁻³ silver nitrate. The addition of AgNO₃ enhanced the frequency of the shoot formation from 61.3 to 87.6 %. Root induction medium was half-strength MS medium with 0.75 mg dm⁻³ indolebutyric acid and 0.02 mg dm⁻³ BA. The average root frequency was 84.3 %. The regenerated plantlets with healthy roots grew successfully when transferred to soil. Using this system we obtained over 10 regenerated plantlets from one explant.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> direct organogenesis and regeneration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago sativa</Emphasis>

A rapid and efficient plant regeneration protocol for a wide range of alfalfa genotypes was developed via direct organogenesis. Through a successive excision of the newly developed apical and axillary shoots, a lot of adventitious buds were directly induced from the cotyledonary nodes when hypocotyl of explants were vertically inserted into modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.025 mg dm⁻³ thidiazuron (TDZ) and 3 mg dm⁻³ AgNO₃. When the lower part of shoots excised from explants were immersed into the liquid medium with 1.0 mg dm⁻³ α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for 2 min, and then transferred to hormone free half-strength MS medium, over 83.3 % of the shoots developed roots, and all plantlets could acclimatize and establish in soil. The protocol has been successfully applied to eight genotypes, with regeneration frequencies ranging from 63.8 to 82.5 %.     

纳米银的抗菌特性及对多重耐药菌株的抗菌作用

【目的】利用革兰氏阴性细菌、革兰氏阳性细菌和真菌的模式菌株分析纳米银的抗菌特性,并评价纳米银对多重耐药菌株的抗菌作用。【方法】利用生物法合成的纳米银,以微量肉汤法测定3种标准菌株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),并计算MBC/MIC比值。用系列浓度的纳米银处理3株标准菌株后经平板计数法绘制时间-杀菌曲线。采用菌落平板计数法测定了纳米银对3种标准菌株的"抗生素后效应"(post-antibiotic effect,PAE),最后在生物安全II级实验室测定纳米银对临床分离的多重耐药菌株的抗菌作用。【结果】用生物法合成了粒径5–30 nm的纳米银,zeta电位为–19.5 m V。该纳米银制剂对3种标准菌株的时间-杀菌曲线均表现为时间依赖型抗菌作用。纳米银对大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌"抗生素后效应"随着浓度增加而增加,对金黄色葡萄球菌无明显"抗生素后效应"。纳米银对3种标准菌株的MIC值和MBC值均在1.00–4.00μg/m L之间;对3株人源性多重耐药菌MIC值在6.00–26.00μg/m L之间,MBC值在1.00–32.00μg/m L之间;对14株动物源性多重耐药菌MIC值在4.00–10.00μg/m L之间,MBC值在8.00–16.00μg/m L之间。纳米银对所有测试菌株的MBC/MIC值均小于2。【结论】纳米银是一种时间依赖型的抗菌剂,有不同程度的"抗生素后效应",对人源和动物源性多重耐药菌有杀菌作用。     

闽南地区常见彩叶植物的色彩分类及应用初探

本文从色彩的角度把闽南地区123种常见彩叶植物分为红色、黄色和银色三个系列。红色系列有36种,占29%;黄色系列有45种,占37%;银色系列有42种,占34%。本分类法简单易操作,便于选择与应用。文中还探讨彩叶植物的主要特征及其在园林设计和园林绿化中的应用,并提出合理化建议。     

Escapement success of silver eels from a German river system is low compared to management‐based estimates

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Do Parents and Helpers Discriminate between Related and Unrelated Nestlings in the Cooperative Breeding Silver‐Throated Tit?

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AgNO3 boosted high-frequency shoot regeneration in Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

In order to further increase shoot regeneration frequency of Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper., the effects of AgNO₃ on this process was investigated in this study. The shoot tip and cotyledonary node explants were cultured on MS salts B5 Vitamins medium containing BA+TDZ+Ads+AgNO₃ for multiple shoot induction. AgNO₃ influenced the shoot bud formation and their subsequent proliferation. The best medium composition for multiple shoot induction was BA, TDZ combination with Ads and AgNO₃ in MSB5 medium. Maximum 39 shoots in cotyledonary node and 22 shoots in shoot tip were obtained per explants after 4 – 6 wk. of culture. Elongation and rooting were performed in GA₃ (0.6mg/l) and IBA (0.4mg/L) containing media respectively. The in vitro raised plantlets were acclimatized in green house and successfully transplanted to the field with a survival rate of 78%.     

Fish gut microbiota analysis differentiates physiology and behavior of invasive Asian carp and indigenous American fish

Gut microbiota of invasive Asian silver carp (SVCP) and indigenous planktivorous gizzard shad (GZSD) in Mississippi river basin were compared using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Analysis of more than 440 000 quality-filtered sequences obtained from the foregut and hindgut of GZSD and SVCP revealed high microbial diversity in these samples. GZSD hindgut (GZSD_H) samples (n=23) with >7000 operational taxonomy units (OTUs) exhibited the highest alpha-diversity indices followed by SVCP foregut (n=15), GZSD foregut (n=9) and SVCP hindgut (SVCP_H) (n=24). UniFrac distance-based non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis showed that the microbiota of GZSD_H and SVCP_H were clearly separated into two clusters: samples in the GZSD cluster were observed to vary by sampling location and samples in the SVCP cluster by sampling date. NMDS further revealed distinct microbial community between foregut to hindgut for individual GZSD and SVCP. Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were detected as the predominant phyla regardless of fish or gut type. The high abundance of Cyanobacteria observed was possibly supported by their role as the fish''s major food source. Furthermore, unique and shared OTUs and OTUs in each gut type were identified, three OTUs from the order Bacteroidales, the genus Bacillariophyta and the genus Clostridium were found significantly more abundant in GZSD_H (14.9–22.8%) than in SVCP_H (0.13–4.1%) samples. These differences were presumably caused by the differences in the type of food sources including bacteria ingested, the gut morphology and digestion, and the physiological behavior between GZSD and SVCP.