全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5714篇 |
免费 | 425篇 |
国内免费 | 468篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 13篇 |
2023年 | 93篇 |
2022年 | 132篇 |
2021年 | 162篇 |
2020年 | 153篇 |
2019年 | 221篇 |
2018年 | 195篇 |
2017年 | 142篇 |
2016年 | 174篇 |
2015年 | 224篇 |
2014年 | 305篇 |
2013年 | 359篇 |
2012年 | 253篇 |
2011年 | 312篇 |
2010年 | 284篇 |
2009年 | 318篇 |
2008年 | 362篇 |
2007年 | 360篇 |
2006年 | 324篇 |
2005年 | 246篇 |
2004年 | 250篇 |
2003年 | 237篇 |
2002年 | 244篇 |
2001年 | 198篇 |
2000年 | 176篇 |
1999年 | 125篇 |
1998年 | 128篇 |
1997年 | 114篇 |
1996年 | 107篇 |
1995年 | 68篇 |
1994年 | 63篇 |
1993年 | 53篇 |
1992年 | 42篇 |
1991年 | 31篇 |
1990年 | 33篇 |
1989年 | 26篇 |
1988年 | 14篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 11篇 |
1985年 | 15篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有6607条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
41.
We report the isolation and characterization of two new genomic loci corresponding to the mouse Dishevelled (Dvl) genes Dvl2 and Dvl3. The Dvl genes are homologs of the Drosophila dsh segment polarity gene, and are involved in the Wnt/wingless signal transduction pathway. Dvl2 and Dvl3 genomic clones were isolated from a mouse 129 strain λFIXII genomic library and have identical exon/intron organization to Dvll. All three Dishevelled genes span 15 exons and 14 introns and have a number of conserved splice junction sites. 相似文献
42.
Cyanobacteria possess thylakoid membranes that differ in their protein composition from the cytoplasmic membrane. To study possible pathways of protein targeting to these membranes, we have investigated whether or not cyanobacteria have a homologue or homologues of the signal recognition particle-like chaperone Ffh. We have amplified a fragment of ffh by polymerase chain reaction and established that ffh is present as a single copy in the genomes of three cyanobacterial species. We have cloned and sequenced ffh from Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 and predict that Ffh functions as a ribonucleoprotein in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. 相似文献
43.
Alexander Schouten Jan Roosien Fred A. van Engelen G. A. M. de Jong A. W. M. Borst-Vrenssen Jacoline F. Zilverentant Dirk Bosch Willem J. Stiekema Fred J. Gommers Arjen Schots Jaap Bakker 《Plant molecular biology》1996,30(4):781-793
The effects of subcellular localization on single-chain antibody (scFv) expression levels in transgenic tobacco was evaluated using an scFv construct of a model antibody possessing different targeting signals. For translocation into the secretory pathway a secretory signal sequence preceded the scFv gene (scFv-S). For cytosolic expression the scFv antibody gene lacked such a signal sequence (scFv-C). Also, both constructs were provided with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal KDEL (scFv-SK and scFv-CK, respectively). The expression of the different scFv constructs in transgenic tobacco plants was controlled by a CaMV 35S promoter with double enhancer. The scFv-S and scFv-SK antibody genes reached expression levels of 0.01% and 1% of the total soluble protein, respectively. Surprisingly, scFv-CK transformants showed considerable expression of up to 0.2% whereas scFv-C transformants did not show any accumulation of the scFv antibody. The differences in protein expression levels could not be explained by the steady-state levels of the mRNAs. Transient expression assays with leaf protoplasts confirmed these expression levels observed in transgenic plants, although the expression level of the scFv-S construct was higher. Furthermore, these assays showed that both the secretory signal and the ER retention signal were recognized in the plant cells. The scFv-CK protein was located intracellularly, presumably in the cytosol. The increase in scFv protein stability in the presence of the KDEL retention signal is discussed. 相似文献
44.
W. P. Tate E. S. Poole M. E. Dalphin L. L. Major D. J. G. Crawford S. A. Mannering 《Biochimie》1996,78(11-12)
Wide ranging studies of the readthrough of translational stop codons within the last 25 years have suggested that the stop codon might be only part of the molecular signature for recognition of the termination signal. Such studies do not distinguish between effects on suppression and effects on termination, and so we have used a number of different approaches to deduce whether the stop signal is a codon with a context or an extended factor recognition element. A data base of natural termination sites from a wide range of organisms (148 organisms, 40000 sequences) shows a very marked bias in the bases surrounding the stop codon in the genes for all organisms examined, with the most dramatic bias in the base following the codon (+4). The nature of this base determines the efficiency of the stop signal in vivo, and in Escherichia coli this is reinforced by overexpressing the stimulatory factor, release factor-3. Strong signals, defined by their high relative rates of selecting the decoding release factors, are enhanced whereas weak signals respond relatively poorly. Site-directed cross-linking from the +1, and bases up to +6 but not beyond make close contact with the bacterial release factor-2. The translational stop signal is deduced to be an extended factor recognition sequence with a core element, rather than simply a factor recognition triplet codon influenced by context. 相似文献
45.
In the honeybee octopamine mediates mechanisms of arousal that interfere with the appetitive proboscis extension response to food-indicating chemosensory stimuli. This study demonstrates that injections of octopamine or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) into the primary chemosensory neuropil of the honeybee, the antennal lobe, evokes a rapid and transient activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Other monoamines detectable in the antennal lobe, dopamine and serotonin, do not affect the level of PKA activity. Stimulation of the bees' antenna with the appetitive stimulus water or sucrose solution in vivo also causes a short-term activation of PKA in the antennal lobe. The increased PKA activity can be detected immediately (0.5 s) after stimulation but reverts to the basal level within 3 s. This effect can be abolished by monoamine depletion with reserpine. Since octopamine is the only monoamine that stimulates PKA, it appears to mediate the PKA activation after sucrose stimulus and may contribute to the processing of this chemosensory input. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
46.
We examined the function of the vertical bar pattern on maleswordtails (Xiphophorus multilinneatus) as a signal in bothmale-male competition and female choice. This pattern had previouslybeen described as an aggressive signal because males intensifiedthe bars during male-male encounters in the laboratory. Ourfield observations supported this observation and also showedthat bars intensified when males courted females. The intensityof bars was correlated with access to females in the field.Within the size range of males that have bars, however, neitherbar number nor male size appeared to influence access to females.We used freeze-branding to remove the bars from males in thelaboratory so that we could control for characters correlatedwith bar intensity, and tested males and females separatelyso that we could separate the influence of these two componentsof sexual selection. We compared the responses of males andfemales to males that had their bars removed and control malesfreeze-branded between the bars. Test males responded more aggressivelyto males without bars as compared to control males. In addition,females showed a preference for control males over males thathad their bars removed. These results suggest that the barsmay function as a signal that deters rival males and attractsfemales. 相似文献
47.
We have previously demonstrated that a weak, extremely-low-frequency magnetic field must be coherent for some minimum length of time (≈? 10 s) in order to affect the specific activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in L929 mouse cells. In this study we explore whether or not the superposition of an incoherent (noise) magnetic field can block the bioeffect of a coherent 60 Hz magnetic field, since the sum of the two fields is incoherent. An experimental test of this idea was conducted using as a biological marker the twofold enhancement of ODC activity found in L929 murine cells after exposure to a 60 Hz, 10 μTrms magnetic field. We superimposed an incoherent magnetic noise field, containing frequencies from 30 to 90 Hz, whose rms amplitude was comparable to that of the 60 Hz field. Under these conditions the ODC activity observed after exposure was equal to control levels. It is concluded that the superposition of incoherent magnetic fields can block the enhancement of ODC activity by a coherent magnetic field if the strength of the incoherent field is equal to or greater than that of the coherent field. When the superimposed, incoherent noise field was reduced in strength, the enhancement of ODC activity by the coherent field increased. Full ODC enhancement was obtained when the rms value of the applied EM noise was less than one-tenth that of the coherent field. These results are discussed in relation to the question of cellular detection of weak EM fields in the presence of endogenous thermal noise fields. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
48.
Paul W. Ludden 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1994,138(1-2):123-129
Several cases of ADP-ribosylation of endogenous proteins in procaryotes have been discovered and investigated. The most thoroughly studied example is the reversible ADP-ribosylation of the dinitrogenase reductase from the photosynthetic bacteriumRhodospirillum rubrum and related bacteria. A dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase (DRAT) and a dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribose glycohydrolase (DRAG) fromR. rubrum have been isolated and characterized. The genes for these proteins have been isolated and sequences and show little similarity to the ADP-ribosylating toxins. Other targets for endogenous ADP-ribosylation by procaryotes include glutamine synthetase inR. rubrum andRhizobium meliloti and undefined proteins inStreptomyces griseus andPseudomonas maltophila. 相似文献
49.
Prakash Sista Sharon Edmiston James W. Darges Simon Robinson David J. Burns 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1994,141(2):129-134
Transmission of extra cellular signals across biological membranes results in the generation of lipid metabolites which in turn influence specific cellular events such as cell growth or differentiation. Many of these lipid messengers can activate protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes of which one function is to perpetuate the extracellular signals to the nucleus by phosphorylating other targets proteins. We have engineered mammalian cell lines to identify and evaluate activators and inhibitors of PKC-dependent and independent signal transduction pathways. The A31 mouse fibroblast cell line, has been stably transfected with a construct containing a triplet repeat of the TPA response element (TRE) upstream of a thymidine kinase promoter fused to the human growth hormone (hGH) gene. A31 cells containing this reporter construct exhibit significant increases in hGH secretion following stimulation by phorbol esters or other mitogens. The levels of hGH secretion are modulated in this system using different pharmacological agents. We demonstrate that this assay can be used to identify specific and general inhibitors as well as activators of the signal transduction pathway mediated by PKC isozymes. (Mol Cell Biochem141: 129–134, 1994) 相似文献
50.
Gibberellins: perception,transduction and responses 总被引:40,自引:0,他引:40
Richard Hooley 《Plant molecular biology》1994,26(5):1529-1555