黄土高原植被覆盖与水热时空通径分析

探究黄土高原地区气象因子对植被覆盖的影响作用以丰富生态修复理论。基于黄土高原2001—2017年归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI)与气象数据,采用通径分析方法分别从时间和空间尺度上,分析黄土高原气温和降水对植被覆盖变化的直接及间接影响作用,为该地区生态建设提供科学依据。结果如下：黄土高原地区年际间植被明显波动增长,降水变化大体上与植被变化相似;降水整体较气温对植被覆盖变化的作用大。黄土高原植被与水热空间关系的最优分析尺度为80km,在80km空间尺度上,植被与气温有最大相关性,植被、降水由东南到西北递减,而气温分布规律不显著;降水整体呈现促进作用,气温的抑制作用较强,且空间差异明显。在时间与空间尺度上,植被主要受水热促进尤其是降水促进影响,且降水对植被生长的直接作用远大于通过气温的间接作用;不论生态区还是植被类型,气候因子作用均以促进类型为主,但存在明显差异。水热作用在时空尺度上具有明显空间差异性,不同地区影响植被变化的主控因子不同。     

草原灌丛化对生态系统多功能性的影响

草原灌丛化现象在干旱半干旱区广泛发生,影响了生态系统的结构、过程和功能。生态系统具有同时提供多种功能的能力,即生态系统多功能性。灌丛化是否会引起草原生态系统多功能性的减少,其内在的作用机制又是什么？这些问题仍有待明晰。理解草原灌丛化对生态系统多功能性的影响,对于促进草原地区"草-畜-人"平衡和实现区域可持续发展至关重要。从响应规律、影响路径和控制因素三个方面总结评述了草原灌丛化对生态系统多功能性影响的研究进展,主要包括:(1)阐明了单一生态系统功能和多种生态系统功能对草原灌丛化的响应特征;(2)从生物路径、非生物路径以及气候变化和人类活动的影响方面探讨了灌丛化对生态系统多功能性的影响路径;(3)从灌丛化物种、灌丛化阶段和草原类型三个方面明晰了草原灌丛化对生态系统多功能性影响的控制因素。在此基础上,针对灌丛化对生态系统多功能性的影响机制,对生产-生态功能权衡的影响等方面对未来研究进行了展望,并面向可持续发展目标探讨了灌丛化生态系统的可持续管理路径。研究可为我国灌丛化草原的恢复和管理提供支撑。     

灌丛群落叶功能型及其与凋落物水分涵养性能的关系——以广西三种典型灌丛群落为例

牡荆、红背山麻杆和羊蹄甲群落是三种在广西壮族自治区具有较为重要水土保持功能的典型灌丛。通过野外勘察选择了受干扰程度较低的群落作为研究样地。通过测定样方中优势物种的叶功能性状和凋落物的水分涵养特征,揭示了灌丛群落的叶功能型及其与凋落物水分涵养性能的关系,以求更好地发挥灌丛在区域退化生态系统中生态恢复和水土保持的作用。研究结果表明,(1)三种灌丛群落的叶功能性状有着十分明显的差异,群落的叶功能型因此而分化形成了以羊蹄甲为代表的低干物质、低有机质与高比叶面积(低LOMC+LDMC-高SLA)的类型,以及以红背山麻杆群落和牡荆灌丛群落为代表的高干物质、高有机质与低比叶面积(高LDMC+LOMC-低SLA)的类型。后者因叶片磷含量(LPC)的不同,再进一步分化。(2)三种灌丛群落凋落物的水分涵养性能由于群落凋落物的水分涵养特征存在显著差异出现分化。红背山麻杆和牡荆灌丛的凋落物蓄积量(LS)和自然含水率(NWC)显著高于羊蹄甲灌丛,而它们的最大持水率(MWHR)则低于羊蹄甲灌丛。红背山麻杆和牡荆灌丛的最大拦蓄量(MIC)和有效拦蓄量(EIC)因此而显著高于羊蹄甲灌丛。(3)灌丛群落的叶功能性状SLA、LDMC、LOMC、LPC等分别与MIC和EIC等水分涵养性能特性存在显著相关性。叶功能型为低LDMC+LOMC-高SLA的羊蹄甲灌丛群落具有较低的水分涵养性能,而叶功能型为高LDMC+LOMC-低SLA的红背山麻杆和牡荆灌丛群落具有较高的水分涵养性能。为了提高生态系统的水土保持功能,在进行退化生态系统生态恢复时应尽可能选择叶功能型为高LDMC+LOMC-低SLA的群落类型。     

川西高寒山地灌丛草甸不同海拔土壤有机碳矿化的季节动态

为探明高寒山地灌丛草甸不同海拔土壤碳矿化潜力,选取折多山3800 m、4000 m、4200 m 3个海拔梯度的灌丛草甸,采用室内培养法测定不同季节土壤累积矿化量和矿化速率,运用一级动力学方程对土壤碳矿化过程进行拟合,并分析不同海拔土壤活性碳组分季节变化及累积矿化量与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明:土壤累积矿化量及活性碳组分均呈现出0—20 cm土层显著高于20—40 cm土层,且夏季最高的季节变化,而海拔变化趋势不一致,但大体呈现出3800 m灰化土最大。土壤碳矿化速率随着培养时间的推移逐渐降低慢慢趋于平缓,且前21 d降低幅度显著高于后21 d。各海拔C₀和C₀/SOC均夏季最高,表明高寒灌丛草甸夏季土壤固碳能力最低,且3800 m灰化土固碳能力最低。土壤碳矿化与土壤全氮、有机碳、活性碳显著相关,且微生物量碳更能直接影响土壤碳矿化。土壤碳矿化季节性变化受土壤理化性质和环境因素综合影响,这些因子共同作用使得土壤有机碳库各组分发生复杂变化,所以对于高寒灌丛草甸地区植被多样性的保护及夏季牧场的合理控制至关重要。     

Estimating Population Size for Continuous-Time Capture-Recapture Models Via Sample Coverage

An estimation procedure using the idea of sample coverage is proposed to estimate population size for capture-recapture experiments in continuous time. The capture rates (intensity) are allowed to vary by time and individuals (heterogeneity). Only capture frequency history are sufficient for estimating population size while capture times and sequential orders of animals caught are irrelevant for the analysis. An example is given for illustration. The performance of the proposed estimation procedure is also investigated by simulation.     

Plume height and surface coverage analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates grown in a CDC biofilm reactor

Biofilm formation is a dynamic process that leads to mature communities over time. Despite a general knowledge of biofilm community formation and the resultant limitations of antibiotic therapy, there is a paucity of data describing specific plume heights, surface coverage and rates of maturation. Furthermore, little is published on the effect that the broth medium might have on the degree of biofilm maturation. In this study, three strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (USA300, USA400 and a clinical isolate) were grown in brain heart infusion broth (BHI) or tryptic soy broth (TSB). Following growth, SEM images were captured for 3-D analysis to assess plume height. TSB produced significantly higher plume heights of USA300 and USA400 compared to BHI. Broth type was less influential on the clinical isolate. The data indicate that broth type and time may be important factors to consider when assessing maturation and plume height formation of MRSA biofilms.     

A Note on the Estimation of Coverage Errors in Demographic Data

A simple formula for the lower bound of coverage errors in demographic data is obtained. The formula is derived under general assumptions, the validity of which is discussed. Three numerical examples are given.     

Simultaneous confidence intervals for comparing biodiversity indices estimated from overdispersed count data

Diversity indices might be used to assess the impact of treatments on the relative abundance patterns in species communities. When several treatments are to be compared, simultaneous confidence intervals for the differences of diversity indices between treatments may be used. The simultaneous confidence interval methods described until now are either constructed or validated under the assumption of the multinomial distribution for the abundance counts. Motivated by four example data sets with background in agricultural and marine ecology, we focus on the situation when available replications show that the count data exhibit extra‐multinomial variability. Based on simulated overdispersed count data, we compare previously proposed methods assuming multinomial distribution, a method assuming normal distribution for the replicated observations of the diversity indices and three different bootstrap methods to construct simultaneous confidence intervals for multiple differences of Simpson and Shannon diversity indices. The focus of the simulation study is on comparisons to a control group. The severe failure of asymptotic multinomial methods in overdispersed settings is illustrated. Among the bootstrap methods, the widely known Westfall–Young method performs best for the Simpson index, while for the Shannon index, two methods based on stratified bootstrap and summed count data are preferable. The methods application is illustrated for an example.