Times for recovery from cold-torpor in the Queensland fruit fly Dacus tryoni: the relation to temperature during and after chilling

Recovery time after experience of a given minimum temperature below torpor threshold is related to the value of that minimum, the length of time spent at that minimum, and the temperature prevailing during the recovery period above torpor threshold. A model can predict recovery time for flies experiencing a given temperature fluctuation if the length of time spent at the minimum is expressed as a proportion of LE₅₀ at that minimum.The model has applications in defining the optimal protocol for chilling insects for use in the Sterile Insect Release Method. The model was confirmed by experiments showing that it is likely that flies will recover from non-lethal frosts before ant predators become active.

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Résumé Le temps de récupération après avoir subi une température minimal située au-dessous du seuil d'engourdissement dépend de la valeur de ce minimum, du temps passé à ce minimum, et de la température au-dessus du seuil d'engourdissement pendant la période de récupération. Un modèle mathématique permet d'estimer le temps de récupération après avoir subi une chute de température déterminée, en fonction du temps passé au minimum thermique exprimé comme une fraction du LE₅₀ (temps nécessaire pour tuer 50% des mouches) à ce minimum.Ce modèle s'est trouvé étayé par des observations montrant qu'il est probable que les mouches se remettent des gelées sublétales avant la reprise d'activité des fourmis prédatrices. Ce modèle peut être utilisé pour définir les conditions optimales de refroidissement des insectes utilisés lors de la libération d'individus stériles.

     

Male aggression,limited female choice and the ontogeny of mating behaviour in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis

Previous work has shown that male flesh flies (Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart) exhibit an ontogeny of behaviour from eclosion through sexual maturity that includes extensive changes in the expression of aggressive, non‐aggressive interactive and non‐interactive behaviours. To determine how the presence of a female flesh fly influences the manifestation of these behaviours, male flesh flies of different ages post‐eclosion are paired with same‐age females and their behaviours are monitored in a simple arena during a 50‐min observation period. All flies are socially isolated until pairing. Although the levels of expression of aggressive and non‐aggressive interactive behaviours are depressed relative to previous findings in male‐opponent pairs, the ontogeny of aggression still occurs as indicated by a significant increase, with age, in the agonistic behaviour ‘hold’. Similar to male‐opponent pairs and individual males, the performance by males of the non‐interactive behaviours ‘walking’ and ‘standing’ diminishes, whereas ‘upside‐down’ increases with age. By contrast, ‘grooming’ shows a significant age‐related decline. No courtship behaviours are observed in the males, although the aggressive behaviour ‘hold’ is a significant transition to mating. Females show no obvious courtship or rejection behaviours, although the significant increase in ‘upside‐down’ with age could possibly be a behavioural gateway to mating. The results of this study indicate that extensive age‐related changes encompassing the entire behavioural repertoire are intrinsic to male flesh flies and persist under a variety of different social contexts.     

Aim‐then‐shoot anemotaxis involved in the hopping approach of potato tuberworm moth Phthorimaea operculella toward a sex pheromone source

Male moths locate conspecific females by pheromone‐induced upwind flight maintained by detecting a visual flow, termed optomotor anemotaxis. Their behavioural pattern is characterized by an upwind surge in response to a pheromone stimulus and crosswind casting after odour loss, which is considered to be reset and restarted on receipt of another pheromone pulse. However, pheromone‐stimulated males of the potato tuberworm moth Phthorimaea operculella exhibit a series of short and straight intermittent flights, or hops, when moving upwind. It is unclear whether they navigate by employing the same behavioural pattern and wind detection mechanism as that used by flying moths. To analyze odour‐modulated anemotaxis in male potato tuberworm moths, a flat wind tunnel is constructed to give regular odour stimuli to an insect regardless of its location. Moths are subjected to pheromone pulses of different frequencies to test whether they show a behavioural pattern that is reset and restarted by a pheromone pulse. Moths on the ground are also subjected to crosswind shear to examine their detection of wind direction. Path analyses reveal that males surge upwind when they receive a pheromone pulse and exhibit casting by successive hops when they lose odour. This behavioural pattern appears to be similar to that of flying moths. When the direction of the airflow is switched orthogonally, males adjust their course angle accordingly when they are on the ground. It is suggested that, instead of optomotor anemotaxis, this ‘aim‐then‐shoot’ system aids the detection of wind direction, possibly by mechanosensory means.     

The effect of a chemical deterrent, released from the frass of caterpillars of the garden pebble moth, on cabbage root fly oviposition

The cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.), was deterred from laying eggs on cauliflower plants that had been sprayed with a suspension of the frass of caterpillars of the garden pebble moth, Evergestis forficalis (L.). Polar extracts of the frass deterred oviposition irrespective of the cruciferous plant species on which the caterpillars had been feeding. Non-polar extracts of the frass had no effect. Spraying plants with macerates from Brassica leaves stimulated fly oviposition whereas spraying plants with macerates from garlic mustard leaves deterred fly oviposition. Macerates from the leaves of all other plants tested had no effect. In field experiments the deterrent effect persisted 2–3 days after leaves were sprayed with frass extracts. Plants infested with feeding caterpillars and contaminated with only a few discrete frass pellets were as deterrent to the fly as those sprayed with frass suspensions.

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Résumé D. radicum a évité de pondre sur des pieds de chou-fleur, qui avaient été pulvérisés avec une suspension d'excréments d'E. forficalis. Les extraits polaires de ces excréments empêchent la ponte quelle que soit l'espère de crucifère sur laquelle les chenilles se sont alimentées. Les extraits non polares sont sans effet. Dans la nature, l'action dissuadante persiste 2 à 3 jours après la pulvérisation des feuilles avec les extraits d'excréments. La pulvérisation tous les deux jours a maintenu l'action dissuadante. Des plantes contaminées par des chenilles en train de s'alimenter et souillées par quelques crottes sont aussi dissuadantes pour la mouche que celles pulvérisées avec une suspension d'excréments.

     

Electroantennogram responses of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis, to a spectrum of alcohol and aldehyde plant volatiles

Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from unmated, laboratory-reared, male and female oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis, in response to a range of between C₁ and C₁₂ carbon chain-length saturated and unaturated aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes, most all of which are known host-plant volatiles. Only two of the 35 compounds tested elicited significantly larger EAGs from female than male antennae. For the two functional-group series tested, aldehydes elicited responses greater than or equal to the responses to the alcohols. In general, the unsaturated alcohols did not elicit responses significantly different from the saturated alcohols. However, the unsaturated aldehydes, (E)-2-hexenal and 10-undecenal, elicited larger amplitude EAGs than their saturated analogs. EAGs were significantly greater for a particular carbon chain-length, with responsiveness to primary alcohols peaking at C₆ and aldehydes peaking at C₇. The (E)-2- monoenic alcohols peaked at C₆, while the (E)-3-alcohols plateaued between C₅ and C₈. The greatest EAG responses of all compounds tested were elicited by the saturated and unsaturated C₆ alcohols and aldehydes which are constitutents of the general green-leaf volatile complex that emanates from most plants. The potential adapative benefit of selective sensitivity to green-leaf volatiles is discussed in regards to foraging behaviors of oriental fruit flies.

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Résumé Des électroantennogrammes (EAG) ont enregistré les réponses, en élevages de femelles et mâles vierges de Dacus dorsalis, à une gamme de chaînes de carbones de C₁ à C₁₂ saturés et non-saturés d'alcools aliphatiques et d'aldéhydes, dont beaucoup sont connus comme substances volatiles des végétaux. Seulement 2 des 35 composés examinés ont provoqué des EAG significativement plus importants chez les femelles que chez les mâles. Pour les séries des deux groupes fonctionnels examinés, les aldéhydes ont provoqué des réponses supérieures ou égales aux alcools. En général, les réponses aux alcools nonsaturés n'étaient pas significativement différentes des réponses aux alcools saturés. Cependant, les aldéhydes non-saturés, (E)-2-hexénal et 10-undécénal, ont induit des EAG de plus grande ampleur que leurs analogues saturés. Les EAG étaient significativement les plus importants pour une chaîne de longueur particulière, la réponse aux alcools primaires culminant en C₆ et les aldéhydes en C₇. Les alcools monoéniques (E)-2- culminaient en C₆, tandis que les alcools (E)-3- étaient étales entre C₅ et C₈. Les EAG les plus importants ont été obtenus pour tous les composés examinés avec les alcools et aldéhydes en C₆ qui appartiennent à l'odeur verte complexe émise par beaucoup de plantes. Le bénéfice adaptatif potentiel de la sensibilité sélective à l'odeur verte des feuilles est examinée en fonction du comportement de prospection de D. dorsalis.

     

Condition and fate of larvae from insecticide-treated female tsetse flies Glossina palpalis

Many larvae from wild-caught female Glossina palpalis palpalis R.-D. treated topically with dieldrin or sumicidin or sumithrin or permethrin failed to pupariate and many larvae from mothers treated with sumicidin or sumithrin or neopynamin formed small or malformed puparia which failed to eclode. Puparia produced soon after maternal handling often did not emerge and many produced by flies starved more than 3 days also did not emerge. Very many puparia from dieldrin-treated mothers failed to emerge and non-emergence was common for puparia from flies treated with endosulfan or sumithrin or deltamethrin. Non-emerging puparia were produced soon after pyrethroid-treatment, probably due to effects on larval integumentand muscles, but were produced later after organochlorine-treatment, due to ingestion of insecticide by larvae while in utero.

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Résumé Les expériences ont porté sur des femelles sauvages de Glossina palpalis palpalis R.D. capturées dans la nature. Les comparaisons ont porté sur l'état et les performances de lots de pupes provenant de mouches non-traitées et de larves mûres traitées localement avec de l'acétone (témoin) ou avec 14 insecticides différents.Toutes les larves témoin se sont nymphosées, mais le taux d'échec augmentait avec la diéldrine, la sumicidine, la sumithrine et la permethrine. Les pupes anormales (petites ou déformées) étaient plus nombreuses dans le lot témoin que dans le lot non-traité, et les fréquences étaient plus élevées que chez le témoin avec la sumidicine, la sumithrine et la néopynamine.Seulement 3 mouches sont issues de 107 pupes anormales; il n'y a eu aucune éclosion pour 28% des pupes du lot témoin contre 15% pour le lot non-traité. Pour le témoin le taux d'émergence était faible dans les pupes formées le premier jour (jour du traitement), par suite de la manipulation maternelle; il n'a pas augmenté jours 2 et 3, mais a diminué par la suite à cause du jeûne in utero. Les doses élevées de tous les insecticides réduisent plus les émergences que les doses faibles. Les organophosphates et le propoxur ne limitent pas les émergences, mais elles sont réduites par l'endosulfane, la sumithrine et la deltaméthrine, et très fortement par la diéldrine. Les pupes stériles ont été surtout formées dès le traitement aux pyréthroïdes (jour 1); et surtout plus tard (jours 2 et 3) lors des traitements aux organochlorés. L'ingestion par la larve in utero de grandes quantités d'insecticides pendant les 3 jours précédant la parturition était la principale cause de mortalité, et aussi de la forte tolérance aux organochlorés des femelles prégnantes. Les effets de pyréthroïdes sur l'activité musculaire réduisent aussi les émergences.Aucune mouche ne s'est alimentée après les traitements.

     

Effect of pupation environment on the quality of pupae and adults of the Mediterranean fruit fly

When mature larvae of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) pupated in bran rather than naked there was an increase in adult eclosion, but no difference in 9 day pupal weight, 9 day lipid content, or flight ability. There was no difference when pupation occurred at 20 or 25°C. Pupation in sand at 20°C caused severe mortality, while pupation in sand at 25°C did not. Data are presented which favour naked pupation over pupation in any medium, and evidence is presented which indicates that collection of mature larvae in a rotary tumbler rather than by the conventional popping method is economically preferable and is without significant biologically adverse effects.

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Résumé Si des larves mûres de Ceratitis capitata se nymphosent dans du son ou à l'air libre, dans le premier cas le taux d'éclosions est plus élevé, mais le poids et la teneur en lipides au neuvième jour de nymphose ainsi que l'aptitude au vol sont identiques dans les deux. Il n'y a pas de différences pour les pupaisons à 20°C et 25°C, mais la pupaison dans le sable à 20°C provoque une forte mortalité, tandis qu'à 25°C le sable n'a aucun effet. Les résultats obtenus sont favorable à une pupaison à nu plutôt que dans un substrat, et des arguments sont apportés montrant que la collecte des larves mûres dans un culbuteur rotatif ne provoque significativement pas plus d'effets nocifs que la méthode classique du saut.

     

Development of a liquid flow-through system to inhibit browning in callus cultures of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray)

Calli of P. argentatum were grown on a newly designed liquid nutrient flow-through system which facilitated the subculturing of calli and delayed browning for 6 weeks. Friable calli were obtained on half-strength Gamborg B5-medium supplemented with 0.05 mgl⁻¹ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Shoots developed on media supplemented with 0.2 mgl⁻¹ benzylaminopurine but lacking 2,4-dichlorophenocyacetic acid.     

Non-invasive image analysis evaluation of growth during plant micropropagation

Microcomputerized video image analysis was adapted for rapid, objective, and non-intrusive quantification of shoot growth and development for plants growing in vitro. Custom-developed staging arrangements were essential to insure accurate viewing and representation of the plants in each of three standard culture vessels. Shoot length measurements from digitized culture images were strongly correlated with length measured manually ex vitro. Image analysis weighted density measurements of proliferating microcultures (even with irregular growth habits) provided a reliable indicator of shoot culture fresh weight. Non-destructive time course evaluations of growth rate and quality were demonstrated.Abbreviations FW fresh weight - WD weighted density