The influence of differential swimming speeds on composition of multi‐species fish shoals

The importance of species‐specific swim speeds for the formation of multi‐species fish shoals in a Canadian freshwater system was investigated. Swim speed was positively correlated with total length and differed between species but was unrelated to shoal size.     

树木年轮宽度与气候因子的关系研究进展

树木的生长与立地环境密切相关并受气候变化的影响,树木年轮宽度作为反映气候与环境变化的一个重要参数,已被广大生态学家所重视并应用。本文综述了树木年轮宽度与温度(当年初春温度、前一年的夏季高温和冬季低温)、降水(生长季的降水和生长季前的降水)、太阳辐射、CO2浓度等气候因子的关系及其在古气候环境研究、环境预测等领域中的应用,并对该研究的量测方法和数据处理分析方法的进展作了概述。针对我国树木年轮宽度研究的现状,提出了扩大取样范围、拓宽研究领域、改善取样和分析方法、建立完善的树轮年表体系、加强与国外树轮研究工作者的信息交流等建议,为我国树木年轮宽度研究的进一步发展提供了理论参考。     

Predation risk and abiotic habitat parameters affect personality traits in extremophile populations of a neotropical fish (Poecilia vivipara)

Understanding whether and how ambient ecological conditions affect the distribution of personality types within and among populations lies at the heart of research on animal personality. Several studies have focussed on only one agent of divergent selection (or driver of plastic changes in behavior), considering either predation risk or a single abiotic ecological factor. Here, we investigated how an array of abiotic and biotic environmental factors simultaneously shape population differences in boldness, activity in an open‐field test, and sociability/shoaling in the livebearing fish Poecilia vivipara from six ecologically different lagoons in southeastern Brazil. We evaluated the relative contributions of variation in predation risk, water transparency/visibility, salinity (ranging from oligo‐ to hypersaline), and dissolved oxygen. We also investigated the role played by environmental factors for the emergence, strength, and direction of behavioral correlations. Water transparency explained most of the behavioral variation, whereby fish from lagoons with low water transparency were significantly shyer, less active, and shoaled less than fish living under clear water conditions. When we tested additional wild‐caught fish from the same lagoons after acclimating them to homogeneous laboratory conditions, population differences were largely absent, pointing toward behavioral plasticity as a mechanism underlying the observed behavioral differences. Furthermore, we found correlations between personality traits (behavioral syndromes) to vary substantially in strength and direction among populations, with no obvious associations with ecological factors (including predation risk). Altogether, our results suggest that various habitat parameters simultaneously shape the distribution of personality types, with abiotic factors playing a vital (as yet underestimated) role. Furthermore, while predation is often thought to lead to the emergence of behavioral syndromes, our data do not support this assumption.     

The effect of shoal size on patterns of body colour segregation in mollies

Individual white and black mollies Poecilia latipinna spent significantly more time near the larger group when given the choice between two shoals of similar colouration to themselves. When given the choice between a large and a small shoal of dissimilar colouration to themselves, black test fish spent significantly more time with the larger shoal while white test fish showed no preference for either group. Both white and black mollies chose the smaller of two shoals when given the choice between a large dissimilarly coloured shoal and a small similarly coloured shoal. The results indicate that mollies actively discriminate between shoals on the basis of both body colour and shoal size. However, body colour segregation appears to have a stronger influence on shoal choice.     

洞庭湖区洪涝灾害的时空分布与防灾减灾对策

洞庭湖是长江流域的第二大湖 ,它吞吐长江 ,接纳四水 ,总库容 1 .8× 1 0 10 m3,年平均迳流量 3.0 1 8× 1 0 11m3,是鄱阳湖的 3倍 ,黄河的 5倍 ,太湖的 1 0倍。洞庭湖区 ,以它不到湖南全省 1 /6的人口和耕地 ,每年生产出占全省总产量 2 0 %以上的粮食和80 %以上的棉花 ,30 %以上的油料和 40 %以上的水产品 ,每年为国家提供 2 .5× 1 0 9kg以上的商品粮 ,1 .5× 1 0 9kg商品棉 ,2 .5× 1 0 8kg商品油和 1 50 0万头商品猪 ,是全国的重点商品粮、棉和水产基地。在地理位置上 ,该区位于长江产业带主轴线和京广、浙赣、枝柳铁路重点开发的二级轴…     

分子系统学研究进展

分子系统学 ( molecular systematics)是近 30年发展起来的一门综合性前沿学科 ,它在分子水平上对生物进行遗传多样性、分类、系统发育和进化等方面的研究 ,其研究结果对于保护生物多样性 (尤其是遗传多样性 ) ,揭示生物进化历程及机理具有十分重要的意义。1　分子系统学的定义及发展简史分子系统学是通过检测生物大分子包含的遗传信息 ,定量描述、分析这些信息在分类、系统发育和进化上的意义 ,从而在分子水平上解释生物的多样性、系统发育及进化规律的一门学科。它以分子生物学、系统学、遗传学、分类学和进化论为理论基础 ,以分子生物学…     

农作物产量预报模型研究与实践

选取玉米、大豆、小麦三种作物,建立产量的定性和定量预报模型,即年景趋势预报模型、逐步回归周期分量预报模型和多层递阶预报模型。经过检验和预报实践检验,表明所得到的预测模型具有一定的实用价值。     

鸡西市1957-2003年麻疹流行特征分析

目的:了解鸡西市麻疹流行病学特征,探讨控制麻疹的策略。方法:采用描述流行病学,对鸡西市1957～2003年麻疹发病及死亡情况进行分析。结果:1957～1966年麻疹发病呈高发状态,年平均发病率为1280.03/10万,每年1～6月份发病占病例总数的83.09%,使用麻疹疫苗前具有明显的周期性,每隔3～4年出现1个发病高峰,使用麻疹疫苗后整个流行呈明显下降态势;发病主要集中在1～7岁年龄组,占84.09%,男女性别比为1.27:1。结论:实施计划免疫对控制麻疹疫情效果显著,为控制麻疹疫情应继续加强麻疹疫苗的常规免疫,适时开展强化免疫,加强麻疹监测与报告。     

基于文献计量学的微藻生物技术发展趋势

微藻作为一类单细胞光合生物,具有光能利用率高、生长速度快、生物活性成分和储能物质含量高等特点,在食品、饲料、生物能源、碳减排和废水处理等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文系统查阅了近年来国内外微藻领域发表的相关文献和专利,藉此对微藻生物技术领域的研究进展及存在问题进行了梳理和分析,并对我国微藻生物技术的科技布局、重要成果及发展瓶颈进行了概述,最后对微藻生物技术的发展趋势予以展望。