宁波鄞州新城区城市土地利用的空间趋向性

采用梯度分析和城市土地利用程度相结合的分析方法,研究了鄞州新城区居住用地和工业用地的空间布局特征,并选择公共绿地、公共设施用地和道路等作为区位优势因素,探索城市各类用地的区位特征.结果表明： 梯度分析能够有效地与城市土地利用的空间布局相连接,定量描述城市土地利用的空间特征;鄞州新城区城市空间形态中心主要集中在距中心2 km的范围内,即城市发展的十字轴核心片区,区位优势明显,鄞州大道以南将成为新城区发展的腹地.产业结构调整后工业用地的合理变迁、核心区土地刚性条件约束下商务用地的高效集约利用、以及东南部城乡结合带的农田保护将成为鄞州新城区在未来土地利用中需重点考虑的方向.     

全球主要生态退化区和研究热点区的空间分布与演变

掌握生态退化区和研究热点区的空间分布、退化区生态系统的演变态势是认识生态问题、开展生态治理的基础,但目前缺乏全球主要生态退化区空间分布图等基础数据和相关知识。应用多源数据集成融合、长时序卫星遥感分析、互联网文献大数据建模分析等方法,对以荒漠化、水土流失、石漠化为代表的全球主要生态退化类型区的空间分布、演变态势、研究关注热度等进行了研究。结果表明：（1）全球荒漠化区面积约15.4×10⁶ km²,水土流失区面积约14.3×10⁶ km²,石漠化区面积约1.1×10⁶ km²;这些生态退化区主要分布在非洲撒哈拉沙漠南北边缘,欧洲西部、地中海沿岸、东欧平原南部,南亚印度河流域,中国西北地区、云贵高原,北美洲落基山脉以及南美洲阿根廷等地区。（2）2000年以来,上述退化区中约有3.9%的面积处于退化加重态势,73.3%的面积处于脆弱平衡状态,22.8%的区域出现好转趋势。（3）全球生态退化研究热点区的分布与全球生态退化区的分布总体呈现一致性。但在沙特阿拉伯中部、哈萨克斯坦北部,巴西大部,安哥拉、南非等生态退化区,存在生态系统继续恶化、缺乏研究界足够关注的情况。研究成果深化了对全球主要生态退化区分布格局的认识,对于防范全球发展和建设中出现加重的生态退化等具有参考价值。     

Estimation of pseudopeptide metal ion complexation tendencies by special MS methods, HPCE and circular dichroism

To obtain more insight into catalytic mechanisms of metallo enzymes and specific metal complexation by proteins we use linear and cyclic pseudopeptides as mimetics. Knowledge about tendencies of complex formation of different ligands with selected transition metal ions is an indispensable prerequisite for the development of homo- and hetero-dinuclear metallo enzyme mimetics. Three pseudotripeptide ligands were investigated with respect to formation tendency and properties of complexes with the transition metal ions Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺ and Mn²⁺. To study complexation tendencies we applied different methods. One of the important prerequisites for the application in a screening of series of peptide ligands is the necessity for a minimal amount of substance. We used and compared certain masspectrometric methods for the estimation of a rank order of complexation of certain transition metal ions. We also applied spectrophotometric titration, circular dichroism measurements, capillary electrophoresis and pH-rate profile of catalytic activity in the attempt to evaluate complex formation tendencies. Except for the spectrophotometric pH-titration and the pH-profile of catalytic activity all methods were applicable, but each method has its advantages and disadvantages depending on the separation effect of the ligand from the metal complex, and depending on the spectroscopic properties of ligand and complex. The results regarding complex formation are compared to each other. Comparison of pairs by MALDI-TOF- and ESI-MS allows an estimation of the rank order of complexation tendency of one ligand with different metal ions and requires the least amount of substance. The other investigated methods provided additional information on structural properties of the formed complexes; however either they required too much pseudopeptide ligand or were not applicable for all transition metal ions used in this study.     

Behavioural thermoregulation in two freshwater fish species

In the presence of a vertical thermal gradient, juvenile three‐spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus and minnows Phoxinus phoxinus positioned themselves higher in the water column compared with adult conspecifics. This result was consistent regardless of whether age cohorts were tested separately or together. Furthermore, juveniles but not adult fishes positioned themselves higher in water column in the presence of a thermal gradient compared with those in the absence of a thermal gradient. Juvenile G. aculeatus and adult fish of both species did opt to position themselves higher in the water column in the hours immediately following a feeding event relative to their positions in the same gradient when they had not fed.     

丹江口水库浮游植物时空动态及影响因素

2007年7月至2008年6月对丹江口水库浮游植物进行了为期一年的调查和分析,共采集到浮游植物8门、60属、110种及变种.种类组成以绿藻门、硅藻门和蓝藻门为主,其中绿藻门占优势,共计46种(42％),其次为硅藻35种(32％).藻类年平均密度为4.17×106 celVL,最高密度为6.10×107 cell/L,最低密度为5.16×103 cell/L.各季节浮游植物优势种差异显著,春季为一种颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)和尖针杆藻(Synedra acus),夏秋两季为啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa),冬季转为倪氏拟多甲藻(Peridiniopsis niei).空间分布上,丹江、汉江库区以及取水口3个区域浮游植物优势种为尖针杆藻,五青入库区则以倪氏拟多甲藻占优势.磷浓度是驱动丹江口水库藻类密度的主要影响因子.根据建库几十年来的对丹江口水库较为全面的4次调查资料,分析了丹江口水库的浮游植物群落演替及变化趋势.自1958年以来,50年间,整个水库浮游植物密度增加了16倍,水库富营养化程度有增加的趋势.种类组成由适应河流的固着型硅藻,经过硅藻-绿藻-蓝藻型逐渐发展为硅藻-甲藻-隐藻-蓝藻型.     

Ontogeny of swimming speed, schooling behaviour and jellyfish avoidance by Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus

The ontogeny of swimming speed, schooling behaviour and jellyfish avoidance was studied in hatchery-reared Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus to compare its life-history strategy with two other common pelagic fishes, jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus. Cruise swimming speed of E. japonicus increased allometrically from 1·4 to 3·9 standard length (L(S) ) per s (L(S) s(-1) ) from early larval to metamorphosing stage. Burst swimming speed also increased from 6·1 to 28 L(S) s(-1) in these stages. Cruise speed was inferior to that of S. japonicus, as was burst speed to that of T. japonicus. Engraulis japonicus larvae were highly vulnerable to predation by moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita and were readily eaten until they reached 23 mm L(S) , but not at 26 mm L(S) . Schooling behaviour (indicated by parallel swimming) started at c. 17 mm L(S) . Average distance to the nearest neighbour was shorter than values reported in other pelagic fishes. The relatively low predator avoidance capability of E. japonicus may be compensated for by their transparent and thus less conspicuous body, in addition to their early maturation and high fecundity.     

基于知识图谱的植物功能性状与环境研究前沿态势分析

为系统了解国际上植物功能性状与环境的研究进展,该研究基于Web of Science数据来源,采用Web of Science数据库分析工具和Thomson Data Analysis(TDA)进行数据清理和统计分析,并利用Ucinet和Netdraw、Excel等软件进行可视化作图。结果表明:(1)近26年来,植物功能性状与环境研究论文数量呈持续稳步增长态势,尤其近9年来呈加速增长态势。(2)近9年来,研究主题主要围绕比叶面积、叶面积(指数)、光合作用(性能)、叶厚度、叶形态、叶氮含量、叶绿素、叶绿素荧光、比根长等功能指标,及光照、温度、水(水分利用效率、干旱等)、肥(氮、磷为主)、CO2等环境因子展开;化学计量学在该领域应用广泛。(3)2009—2017年间,欧美等发达国家是该领域研究的主要力量。美国发文数量和文献质量均为世界领先。中国在该领域的发文量居第二位,仅次于美国,但文献篇均被引和H指数较低。中国科学院发文量以绝对优势居第一位,但文献质量有待进一步提升。(4)该领域载文量Top10期刊8种为JCR分区Q1区、2种为Q2区。其中,Plant and Soil和Plant Ecology载文量分居第一位和第二位。(5) Top10高被引论文发表于8种期刊,其第一作者分别来自美国、荷兰、加拿大、德国和法国。     

The genetic and environmental basis of adaptive differences in shoaling behaviour among populations of Trinidadian guppies,Poecilia reticulata

The degree of plasticity an individual expresses when moving into a new environment is likely to influence the probability of colonization and potential for subsequent evolution. Yet few empirical examples exist where the ancestral and derived conditions suggest a role for plasticity in adaptive genetic divergence of populations. Here we explore the genetic and plastic components of shoaling behaviour in two pairs of populations of Poecilia reticulata (Trinidadian guppies). We contrast shoaling behaviour of guppies derived from high‐ and low‐predation populations from two separate drainages by measuring the shoaling response of second generation laboratory‐reared individuals in the presence and absence of predator induced alarm pheromones. We find persistent differences in mean shoaling cohesion that suggest a genetic basis; when measured under the same conditions high‐predation guppies form more cohesive shoals than low‐predation guppies. Both high and low‐predation guppies also exhibit plasticity in the response to alarm pheromones, by forming tighter, more cohesive shoals. These patterns suggest a conserved capacity for adaptive behavioural plasticity when moving between variable predation communities that are consistent with models of genetic accommodation.