微生物技术治理水体重金属镉、铬污染的研究进展

近年来,随着我国工农业迅速发展,"三废"的大量排放,水体中重金属污染愈发严重,其中重金属镉、铬的污染显得尤为突出。研究者利用微生物技术开展了大量治理污水中镉、铬的研究。本文就不同种类微生物对镉、铬的修复及作用机理进行论述,以期为微生物用于实际污水中镉、铬的治理提供参考。     

海蜇-对虾-蛤仔综合养殖池塘的食物网

为了研究海蜇-对虾(中国明对虾、斑节对虾)-菲律宾蛤仔海水综合养殖池塘养殖生物的食性、营养级和池塘食物网结构,在2017年5—9月的养殖周期内,采集并检测池塘内各种饵料和4种养殖生物的碳、氮稳定同位素比值(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N),并运用IsoSource线性混合模型分析了海蜇、中国明对虾、斑节对虾和菲律宾蛤仔的食物来源。结果表明: 海蜇的主要食物来源为浮游动物;中国明对虾和斑节对虾的主要食物来源为投喂的鯷鱼;菲律宾蛤仔的主要食物来源为浮游植物、底栖硅藻和对虾粪便。综合养殖池塘中菲律宾蛤仔的营养级范围为2.64～2.95,平均值为2.84;海蜇的营养级范围为2.78～3.27,平均值为3.06;斑节对虾的营养级范围为3.03～3.54,平均值为3.25;中国明对虾的营养级范围为3.76～4.40,平均值为3.95。在综合养殖池塘中,菲律宾蛤仔为初级消费者,海蜇为次级消费者,中国明对虾和斑节对虾为捕食者;菲律宾蛤仔在滤食两种对虾粪便的同时一定程度上改善了养殖池塘的水质。     

三级串联垂直潜流人工湿地的脱氮性能及微生物学特征

探究了3种水力负荷(HLR)下三级串联垂直潜流人工湿地(T-VFCWs)对农村生活污水的处理效果,并解析了系统中的氮素转化机制。结果表明: 当系统HLR由0.10增至0.20 m³·m^-2·d^-1时,T-VFCWs始终保持着对农村生活污水高效的处理效果,系统出水水质满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。T-VFCWs中顺次连接的3个VFCW单元(标记为V-1、V-2和V-3)在限氧环境下因其进水水质的差异可形成各自不同的氮素转化途径,并通过协同作用实现系统的高效脱氮。当T-VFCWs在试验期间连续运行时,V-1、V-2和V-3中主要的脱氮途径分别为短程硝化/反硝化作用、基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮(CANON)作用和反硝化作用,上述3单元对进水中总氮(TN)和NH₄⁺-N去除的贡献率分别为(51.3±4.4)%和(63.7±2.6)%、(30.9±4.8)%和(35.5±4.5)%、(17.8±5.0)%和(0.8±0.1)%。该研究可为组合式人工湿地的研发及工程化应用提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

Temporal variations and pond age effect on plankton communities in semi-intensive freshwater marron (Cherax cainii,Austin and Ryan, 2002) earthen aquaculture ponds in Western Australia

The abundance and diversity of the plankton community represents the health of the aquatic ecosystem, and plays an important role in the growth of cultured animals under aquaculture conditions. The temporal variations of plankton abundance, taxonomic composition, diversity, evenness and species richness were studied in three old and three new semi-intensive marron (Cherax cainii, Austin and Ryan, 2002) ponds. Water parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, TAN, nitrite, nitrate and reactive phosphate were recorded, and plankton samples were collected every two months, for one year of juvenile production cycle. A total of twenty-six phytoplankton and seven zooplankton genera were recorded. Chlorophyceae was the dominant class of phytoplankton throughout the year, followed by Trebouxiophyceae. Rotifera comprised 49.8% of the total zooplankton community (individuals L^?1), the largest proportion of any group. Temporal variations impacted the plankton abundance and community structure, and plankton abundance were more abundant during summer. The pond age did not influence the phytoplankton abundance, whereas zooplankton abundance was higher in older ponds.     

Phytosociological,phenological and photosynthetic analyses of the vegetation of a highly polluted site

Abstract

This work describes an ecological study on the vegetal component in a pilot area (hill A5) of a highly contaminated site (ACNA Cengio, Savona, Italy). The following analyses were performed: (i) phytosociological analysis of the vegetal component; (ii) phenological and synphenological analyses; (iii) evaluation of photosynthetic efficiency; and (iv) evaluation of the degree of mycorrhization. Most representative phytocoenoses belonged to the Artemisietea vulgaris, Galio-Urticetea and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea classes; the site was completely and densely covered by vegetation, but characterized by a rather poor floristic richness. Most plants were visibly suffering, as confirmed, at the physiological level, by fluorescence analysis of photosynthetic rate. Some important phenological phases were shorter than normal or even absent. Most plants were modestly colonized by arbuscular – mycorrhizal fungi, but the fungal structures within the roots were normal. Species belonging to the Leguminosae were, together with those belonging to the Graminaceae, the most representative; the former showed an almost normal photosynthetic efficiency, whereas other families did not.     

Fluctuating water levels control water chemistry and metabolism of a charophyte‐dominated pond

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The contrasting effects of short‐ and long‐term habitat drainage on the population dynamics of freshwater turtles in a human‐dominated landscape

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The role of selected tree species in industrial sewage sludge/flotation tailing management

The aim of the study was to estimate the ability of ten tree and bush species to tolerate and accumulate Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As species [As(III), As(V), and total organic arsenic] in industrial sewage sludge extremely contaminated with arsenic (almost 27.5 g kg^?1) in a pot experiment. The premise being that it will then be possible to select the most promising tree/bush species, able to grow in the vicinity of dams where sewage sludge/flotation tailings are used as landfill. Six of the ten tested tree species were able to grow on the sludge. The highest content of total As was observed in Betula pendula roots (30.0 ± 1.3 mg kg^?1 DW), where the dominant As species was the toxic As(V). The highest biomass of Quercus Q1 robur (77.3 § 2.6 g) and Acer platanoides (76.0 § 4.9 g) was observed. A proper planting of selected tree species that are able to thrive on sewage sludge/flotation tailings could be an interesting and promising way to protect dams. By utilizing differences in their root systems and water needs, we will be able to reduce the risk of fatal environmental disasters.