3种披碱草属牧草交配系统研究

本文通过测定3种披碱草属牧草的花粉-胚珠比（P/O值）、杂交指数（OCI）,结合不同授粉方式下这3种牧草的结实率,探讨这3种披碱草属牧草的交配系统, 为披碱草属牧草杂交育种、丰产栽培等提供理论依据。结果表明,老芒麦、麦薲草和披碱草花粉-胚珠比（P/O值）均处于31.9～396.0,交配系统属于兼性自交;杂交指数OCI值为2,交配系统也属于兼性自交;结实率统计表明,以自交为主,异交可育。因此,3种披碱草属牧草的交配系统属于兼性自交类型。     

Studies on Sexual Reproduction and Vegetative Propagation of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae)

Eleutherococcus senticosus has two reproduction modes: vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction. In this paper, flower number per inflorescence, seed set and plump seed ratio,some aspects of rhizome morphology and morphogenesis of three morphs with different filament lengths are reported, and the breeding system is studied by hand-pollination. It is clear from the two tables presented in the present paper that plants with long filaments cannot fruit, plants with short filaments can fruit annually, but their seed setting ratio is different in different years and different habitats, plants with medium-long filaments can also fruit but their plump seed ratio may be low. In ordinary years, the seed setting ratio of plants with short filament reaches 40% and plants at the edge of forests have slightly higher seed setting ratio than those on cleared area and those in natural secondary forests. Considering the existence of only a few populations with medium-long filaments in the area studied,we conclude that most of seeds in Eleutherococcus senticosus should be the products of cross pollination;and with the coexistence of vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction, the species of Eleutherococcus senticosus should not be endangered,if not destructed by human beings.     

光敏核不育水稻恢复基因对数和等位性研究

以不同遗传背景和熟期的９个粳型恢复系相互间和与农垦５８Ｓ配制杂交组合,１９９７～１９９９年研究了农垦５８Ｓ光敏核不育基因的遗传规律。结果表明,供试恢复系均携带恢复农垦５８Ｓ光敏核不育性的１对或２对主效显性基因。Ｔ９８４和农垦５８的１对主效恢复基因等位。其它７个恢复系携带２对等位的主效恢复基因,暗示农垦５８Ｓ的光敏核不育性涉及到２对隐性基因,遗传背景仅影响微效基因的表达和分离。     

高等植物开花结实的多胺研究进展

多胺是广泛分布于植物体内具有调控作用的生理活性物质,其代谢变化与高等植物的生长和发育关系密切。本文概述了多胺与植物花芽形成、花器官分化以及开花、坐果和果实发育的关系;并就外源多胺对植物开花坐果的影响做了述评,对多胺在植物开花结实中可能的作用机理及今后的研究方向和应用潜力进行了讨论。     

刺五加的有性生殖与营养繁殖

刺五加 Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr.et Maxim.)Maxim,既可进行有性繁殖,又可进行营养繁殖。本文报道其三类花丝长度不同的植株每个花序的花朵数量、座果率、饱满种子率及根茎形态和形态发生的某些特点。通过人工受精,检测了其繁育系统。结果表明:长花丝植株不座果,短花丝植株座果,但不同年份、不同生境中座果率不同,中花丝植株也座果但饱满种子率教低。在正常年份,短花丝植株的座果率接近40％,并且林缘的座果率稍高于皆伐迹地和次生林下的。考虑到中花丝植株在所研究地区居群数很少,我们认为绝大多数刺五加种子是异花传粉的产物,其有性生殖与营养繁殖相配合,在无人为破坏的前提下,该物种不应该濒危。     

不同大花类群淫羊藿属植物的花部特征及生殖特征研究

淫羊藿是我国重要的草本植物,在中药、功能性食品和园林观赏等领域都具有重要用途,受地域差异性影响,淫羊藿属植物的植株形态、花部特征、开花物候和生殖特征各不相同。本研究对四川不同产地野生种群大花类淫羊藿（巫山淫羊藿、粗毛淫羊藿和宝兴淫羊藿）的开花动态、花部特征、访花昆虫与繁殖系统进行了对比研究。结果表明：（1）3种淫羊藿属植物的开花期较为集中,巫山淫羊藿和粗毛淫羊藿的花期为3月下旬～4月下旬,单花花期均为3～4 d;宝兴淫羊藿的花期为4月中旬～5月中旬,单花花期5～6 d;（2）膜翅目和双翅目昆虫为3种淫羊藿属植物的有效访花者,有效访花者访花特性与花部特征之间具有明显的相关性;（3）3种淫羊藿属植物的花序、花和果实的数量受所处环境影响较大,自然结实率：巫山淫羊藿>宝兴淫羊藿>粗毛淫羊藿;温度和光照是最主要的影响因子。     

利用PPR新方法建立草地产量增长模型及生态成因机理研究

利用新型的投影寻踪回归（PPR）统计方法,对新疆天山北坡蒿属荒漠草地上观测的3a草地产量和其它6个相关生态因子数据,进行了多元回归统计分析和PPR分析,建立了PPR新型牧草增长模型,并进而做了产量生态成因机理分析和理论解释,研究结果表明,在一般年份下,干草产量在不同年代不同季节约随降水量的分配状况而发生有规律的变化,产量分配呈现双峰模式;在降水量,积温和光照时数3个影响产量形成和高低的生态因子中,尤以降水量影响最明显,是主导生态因子,但牧草生长发育状况和增长类型则是水热因了,质地,牧草生态习性和种类组成共同作用的结果;在建立草地产量增长模型和成因机理分析过程中,充分运用PPR统计方法成功地克服了非正态非线性高维数据点稀疏所造成的“维数祸根”和自动排除了无关因子及人类因素的干扰,提高了建模的精度和效能,并给出各自变量因子对建模贡献率大小的效果,科学地揭示了用其它多元回归统计方法,所难以发现的数据内在的结构特征和规律性,进而,运用建立的PPR模型,较好地估测和拟合实测产量值,使模型估产精度达90％以上,并通过了效果检验和给出了贡献率统计分析,在6个自变量因子中,对牧草产量增长量贡献值最大的是生长时期（T）,其次为土壤含水量（SW）,降水量（PR）,气温（AT）和土壤温度（ST）,最小为草地类型（GT）值,多年研究结果为合理利用天山草地和深入了解草地生态系统形成机理,提供了坚实的科学依据和建模的新方法等。     

Geographical sampling bias and its implications for conservation priorities in Africa

Aim To design and apply statistical tests for measuring sampling bias in the raw data used to the determine priority areas for conservation, and to discuss their impact on conservation analyses for the region. Location Sub‐Saharan Africa. Methods An extensive data set comprising 78,083 vouchered locality records for 1068 passerine birds in sub‐Saharan Africa has been assembled. Using geographical information systems, we designed and applied two tests to determine if sampling of these taxa was biased. First, we detected possible biases because of accessibility by measuring the proximity of each record to cities, rivers and roads. Second, we quantified the intensity of sampling of each species inside and surrounding proposed conservation priority areas and compared it with sampling intensity in non‐priority areas. We applied statistical tests to determine if the distribution of these sampling records deviated significantly from random distributions. Results The analyses show that the location and intensity of collecting have historically been heavily influenced by accessibility. Sampling localities show dense, significant aggregation around city limits, and along rivers and roads. When examining the collecting sites of each individual species, the pattern of sampling has been significantly concentrated within and immediately surrounding areas now designated as conservation priorities. Main conclusions Assessment of patterns of species richness and endemicity at the scale useful for establishing conservation priorities, below the continental level, undoubtedly reflects biases in taxonomic sampling. This is especially problematic for priorities established using the criterion of complementarity because the estimated spatial costs of this approach are highly sensitive to sampling artefacts. Hence such conservation priorities should be interpreted with caution proportional to the bias found. We argue that conservation priority setting analyses require (1) statistical tests to detect these biases, and (2) data treatment to reflect species distribution rather than patterns of collecting effort.     

Safeguard subjects

In the available literature on ecobalances, relatively little attention has until now been devoted to the discussion of the ultimate objectives of ecocontrolling, i.e. to the determination of those elements of nature which deserve highest protection. The goal of this paper is to elaborate and to provide grounds for a target-system of ecocontrol-ling based upon existing concepts in the environmental ethics. The immediate connection between ethical considerations and the target-system of ecocontrolling arises from the fact that the ethical notion of ‘intrinsic value’ (applied on elements of nature), and the concept of ‘safeguard subject’ used in literature on ecocontrolling and ecobalances appear congruent. Principally, it would be desirable that the safeguard subjects consist only of natural elements with an intrinsic value — within the chosen approach of environmental ethics. However, in order to reach an optimal operationalization, it appears unavoidable to put elements of nature with an intrinsic value and those elements that do not possess such a value (but which operationalize elements with an intrinsic value) together in the list of the safeguard subjects. Relying on the theoretical and practical analysis, a list of safeguard subjects similar that from Gonsoli et al. is proposed. The ethical frame allows for a new insight, the idea that there is a hierarchy between the different safeguard subjects, and that a limited influence on a safeguard subject of lower rank docs not have to be considered an impairment of the corresponding safeguard subject.     

Fair Innings

In many societies, the aging of the population is becoming a major problem. This raises difficult issues for ethics and public policy. On what is known as the fair innings view, it is not impermissible to give lower priority to policies that primarily benefit the elderly. Philosophers have tried to justify this view on various grounds. In this article, I look at a consequentialist, a fairness‐based, and a contractarian justification. I argue that all of them have implausible implications and fail to correspond to our moral intuitions. I end by outlining a different kind of consequentialist justification that avoids those implications and corresponds better to our considered moral judgments.