目标设定：促进糖尿病患者行为改变的方法

目标设定是将患者的自我管理和行为改变意图转换为目标的过程,是一种常见的、行之有效的行为干预策略。本文介绍了目标的种类、目标设定的原则、方法及利用目标设定的方法进行糖尿病教育的效果,分析了目标设定在实际应用中存在的问题,为以后更好地利用目标设定的方法进行糖尿病教育,从而达到改变患者行为的目的提供了理论依据。     

硅胶填充昆虫幼虫标本制作方法

介绍一种利用硅胶填充制作昆虫幼虫标本的方法。将活体昆虫幼虫经过去内脏、填充硅胶、整形和干燥制成昆虫幼虫标本。该方法制作的标本形态生动,保存性与保色性好,并且制作简便、成本低,有利于观赏和教学。     

Innovative social behavior in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

We present evidence of agonistic buffering in captive chimpanzees, recorded from 1993 until 2005, mainly from ad libitum sampling in over 2000 hr of observation. A total of 33 agonistic buffering episodes were analyzed for context and effects of this complex social behavior. Agonistic buffering was directed at the whole chimpanzee colony as they supported an individual who initially received aggression from the alpha male, independently of the victim's age, sex or social rank. Chimpanzee agonistic buffering behavior is compared with that in other nonhuman primate species, and we describe some particularities of chimpanzee agonistic buffering: the status of the buffers used-socially important offspring such as those from the alpha female-and the social rank of the adult male responsible for the buffering episode-alpha male. Possible functions for this behavior in chimpanzees are suggested as appeasement of group members in a particularly crowded captive setting, and/or as a "forced reconciliation" mechanism. Chimpanzees exhibit behavioral flexibility by adapting themselves to new social and physical situations and use novel behavior to achieve social benefits.     

普通小麦远缘杂交F1代表现型研究

小麦远缘杂交试验采用常规杂交方法,不进行胚培养,在自然条件下,实现了普通小麦与小黑麦(6X,AABBRR)、柱穗山羊草(2X,DD)、人工合成六倍体小麦(6X,AABBDD)、CIMMYT人工合成小麦(6X,AABBDD)的杂交.发现在F1代中,出现了2～7种植株表现型、7种性状分离现象;小麦颖壳颜色变化可能受多个加性基因控制;杂交F2代结实率较F1代有数倍或十余倍的增长.     

Location and interseasonal variation in flowering, propagule setting and propagule size in mangroves species of the family Rhizophoraceae

Three species of mangroves, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora mangle (synonym R. samoensis) and Bruguiera gymnorhiza in the family Rhizophoraceae were studied to understand the flowering pattern, propagule development and the propagule size at maturity prior to dispersal from the mother plant. The study was conducted in the Wet and the Dry zones over two seasons in Viti Levu, the Main Island of Fiji. The flower number, number of propagules and propagule size at maturity were significantly different among three species and within species in the Dry and the Wet zones. Only 1–2% of total flowers in each species became mature propagules. This percentage was significantly lower in the Dry zone for all three species. Rhizophora stylosa produced the biggest size of propagules followed by Rhizophora mangle and Bruguiera gymnorhiza. Relatively longer and heavier propagules were recorded in the Wet zone and shorter and lighter in the Dry zone. Inter-seasonal differences were not significant for these characters. This could be mainly due to almost similar amount of rainfall, relative humidity and temperature regimes over two seasons within each zone.     

橙花瑞香的繁殖特性研究

瑞香属植物具有重要的药用和观赏价值,在中国资源丰富,但自然条件下低坐果率限制了该属植物的进一步开发和利用。该研究以橙花瑞香为对象,通过对其有性繁殖及传粉特性的研究,探索其自然坐果率低的原因,内容包括花部特征的测量分析,MTT染色法测定花粉活性,联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性,扫描电镜观察柱头、花粉的形态,传粉者观察,通过花粉胚珠比(P/O)和人工授粉实验推测橙花瑞香的繁育系统类型。结果表明:橙花瑞香的花部结构特殊,管状小花,花药两轮,雌雄蕊分离。花开后的花粉具有活性,柱头具有可授性,扫描电镜下,柱头和花粉的结构没有发育异常,且柱头上有花粉落置。橙花瑞香的传粉者主要是夜间访花的蛾类,访花频率低。P/O及人工授粉实验表明橙花瑞香的繁育系统为专性异交。橙花瑞香的坐果率非常低,自然坐果率为1.4%,人工异花授粉为23.3%,低坐果率可能是受其开花量大、异花花粉限制、资源限制以及花部结构等因素的影响。     

杂交水稻开花结实期间叶片衰老

在杂交水稻开花期间,通过剪去穗部部分枝梗和叶片等处理,形成不同的库源比,叶片衰老的生理生化指标变化和结实率的测定表明,杂交水稻组合的库源矛盾大,叶片衰老快;但谷粒数与旗叶面积比不一定高,降低库源比,能明显减缓杂交水稻叶片中蛋白质、叶绿素含量及倒3、4、5片叶叶绿素含量的平均值与旗叶叶绿素含量的比率的下降和丙二醇含量的升高。这些都说明杂交水稻叶片功能早衰与其库源矛盾较大有关。     

杂交水稻结实率的研究

对杂交水稻常规水稻在结实期间剑叶和谷粒中的蔗糖含量的变化,穗上不同部位的结实情况,实粒率和千粒重的动态变化以及它们之间的关系,结实率对有机营养供应变化的反应等方面进行了比较研究。结果表明,杂交水稻结实率较低主要是由于穗的中、下部尤其是稳下部出现较多的秕粒造成的;与常规水稻比较,杂交水稻在灌浆的前中期,剑叶和籽粒中的蔗糖含量高,籽粒增重快,后期则相反;穗上部和下部的结实率和千粒重皆差异大;在实粒增加过程中,千粒重与常规水稻相同时,实粒率低,在灌浆后期,实粒率对有机营养应给的变化较敏感,早、晚季及“库”“源”关系变化时,结实率和千粒重的变化幅度大。本文还对杂交水稻结实率较低和较不稳定的原因进行了探讨。     

INVO: a simple, low cost effective assisted reproductive technology

⁵Correspondence address. E-mail: clauderanoux{at}bioxcell.com INVO procedure is a simple and effective infertility treatmentthat uses a new device, the INVOcell. INVO can be performedin a physician's office or in a satellite facility of an IVFcenter. The INVO procedure consists of fertilization of oocyte(s)and early embryo development in the INVOcell placed into thematernal vaginal cavity for incubation. The vaginal cavity replacesthe complex in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratory. This studypresents the specially designed device, INVOcell that has receivedCE Certification. INVOcell overcomes the disadvantages of thepreviously used prototype and makes the procedure simpler andreproducible. INVO is a proven procedure that has demonstratedcomparable results to conventional IVF when comparative studieswere performed. Over 800 cycles have been published worldwidethat showed a clinical pregnancy rate of 19.6%. The INVO technologycan be performed in an office setting with minor capital equipment.INVO is a simple low-cost procedure that can be available almosteverywhere. INVO allows the treatment of a new population ofinfertile couples who could not benefit from IVF due to costand availability. The participation of the patient in the processof fertilization and early embryo development is a psychologicalbenefit that creates a high level of acceptance of INVO.     

Occasion setting in Pavlovian ambiguous target discriminations

Rats were trained in a Pavlovian serial ambiguous target discrimination, in which a target cue was reinforced if it was preceded by one stimulus (P-->T+) but was not reinforced if it was preceded by another stimulus (N-->T-). Test performance indicated that stimulus control by these features was weaker than that acquired by features trained within separate serial feature positive (P-->T+, T-) and serial feature negative (N-->W-, W+) discriminations. The form of conditioned responding and the patterns of transfer observed suggested that the serial ambiguous target discrimination was solved by occasion setting. The data are discussed in terms of the use of retrospective coding strategies when solving Pavlovian serial conditional discriminations, and the acquisition of special properties by both feature and target stimuli.