基于生态系统服务簇的深圳市生态系统服务时空演变轨迹研究

明晰生态系统服务的演变特征,有助于针对性的提出区域生态系统服务提升决策,对于维持和改善人类福祉、促进城市可持续发展具有重要意义。以深圳市为例,选取11种生态系统服务,以街道为基本空间单元,对生态系统服务结构特征进行分类,进而探究生态系统服务的长时序演变轨迹。结果表明,深圳市生态系统服务簇有6种类型,分别为水文调节主导型、文化支持潜力型、服务枯竭型、水文调节控制型、水源消耗型、生态保育型;1980—2015年深圳市大部分地区的生态系统服务簇结构稳定,变化明显的地区大多毗邻香港;生态系统服务簇的时空演变轨迹类型有8种,以持续型轨迹为主;生态系统服务簇的时空演变轨迹与城市扩张具有一定的一致性,表明城市扩张对生态系统结构和功能影响的主导性。     

1988-2013年重庆市主城九区生态用地空间结构及其生态系统服务价值变化

在当前快速城市化的背景下,理解和把握城市生态系统服务功能退化原因及规律的最有效手段是对其生态用地结构及其生态系统服务价值进行准确的评估。采用RS、GIS技术以及生态系统服务价值评估等方法,对重庆市主城九区1988、1996、2004、2013年4个时段遥感影像进行解译及比较分析,结果表明：1988-2013年间,重庆市主城九区城市化水平经历了加速阶段、减速阶段及饱和阶段,城市化水平的提高对城市建设用地增长的影响显著;重庆市主城九区生态用地主要为城市提供了食物生产、提供原材料、废物处理、土壤形成与保护、气候调节、气体调节、生物多样性以及水源涵养等生态系统服务,在结构变化上呈现出“二减三增”的结构变化特点;25年间重庆市主城九区共减少生态系统服务价值260.60×10⁶元,整体处于下降趋势,其中农地的生态系统服务价值损失最大,共减少24.50%;在空间分布上,随着城市建设用地向“南-北-西”方向扩展,生态系统服务价值以中梁山与铜锣山之间的区域减少最为严重,整个研究区生态系统服务价值下降的主要原因来自于农地的大量减少以及城市建设用地扩张所带来的生态负影响。研究结果表明在重庆市主城九区生态用地空间格局与生态系统服务变化之间存在密切相关性,在城市化率达到饱和阶段后应严格控制建设用地增长,促进建设用地集约节约利用,加大农地的保护力度以及对林地、水体、草地的维护,维持整个区域的生态平衡。研究可为科学合理布局和保护城市生态用地提供信息资料和决策参考。     

Introducing digital tools for sustainable food supply management: Tackling food loss and waste in industrial canteens

Reducing food waste is essential if we want to create a more sustainable food system, which is why halving per capita food waste by 2030 has been included in the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate that by using digital tools to monitor food provisioning and management within canteens, it is possible to achieve a more sustainable food service management within industrial companies and to reduce the overall quantity and environmental impacts of food preparation and consumption thus achieving economic benefits. Longitudinal 2018 and 2019 data collected from the canteen of a major Italian food production company were analyzed. The results showed that the amount of food lost and wasted has decreased over time, reaping important environmental benefits and illustrating specific differences between the food lost in meal preparation and the food left on employees’ plates. It is therefore important to implement education initiatives and to use digital tools to share food-related data collected within companies among both employees and kitchen and catering staff in order to raise awareness of their behavioral strengths and weaknesses. From this perspective, new interventions at both kitchen and customer/worker levels are introduced and discussed.     

A multi-indicator framework for mapping cultural ecosystem services: The case of freshwater recreational fishing

Despite recent interest, ecosystem services are not yet fully incorporated into private and public decisions about natural resource management. Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are among the most challenging of services to include because they comprise complex ecological and social properties and processes that make them difficult to measure, map or monetize. Like others, CES are vulnerable to landscape changes and unsustainable use. To date, the sustainability of services has not been adequately addressed and few studies have considered measures of service capacity and demand simultaneously. To facilitate sustainability assessments and management of CES, our study objectives were to (1) develop a spatially explicit framework for mapping the capacity of ecosystems to provide freshwater recreational fishing, an important cultural service, (2) map societal demand for freshwater recreational fishing based on license data and identify areas of potential overuse, and (3) demonstrate how maps of relative capacity and relative demand could be interfaced to estimate sustainability of a CES. We mapped freshwater recreational fishing capacity at the 12-digit hydrologic unit-scale in North Carolina and Virginia using a multi-indicator service framework incorporating biophysical and social landscape metrics and mapped demand based on fishing license data. Mapping of capacity revealed a gradual decrease in capacity eastward from the mountains to the coastal plain and that fishing demand was greatest in urban areas. When comparing standardized relative measures of capacity and demand for freshwater recreational fishing, we found that ranks of capacity exceeded ranks of demand in most hydrologic units, except in 17% of North Carolina and 5% of Virginia. Our GIS-based approach to view freshwater recreational fishing through an ecosystem service lens will enable scientists and managers to examine (1) biophysical and social factors that foster or diminish cultural ecosystem services delivery, (2) demand for cultural ecosystem services relative to their capacity, and (3) ecological pressures like potential overuse that affect service sustainability. Ultimately, we expect such analyses to inform decision-making for freshwater recreational fisheries and other cultural ecosystem services.     

Selecting replacements for invasive plants to support frugivores in highly modified sites: A case study focusing on Lantana camara

Summary Invasive plants are regarded as a major threat to biodiversity worldwide. Yet, in some cases, invasive plants now perform important ecological functions. For example, fleshy‐fruited invasive plants provide food that supports indigenous frugivore populations. How can the disparate goals of conservation versus invasive weed control be managed? We suggest using the fruit characteristics of the invasive plant to select replacement indigenous plants that are functionally similar from the perspective of frugivores. These could provide replacement food resources at sites where plants with these characteristics are part of the goal plant community and where such plants would not otherwise regenerate. Replacement plants could also redirect seed dispersal processes to favour indigenous, rather than invasive, plant species. We investigated the utility of this approach by ranking all indigenous fleshy‐fruited plant species from a region using a simple model that scored species based upon measures of fruit phenology, morphology, conspicuousness and accessibility relative to a target invasive species, Lantana (Lantana camara). The model successfully produced high scores for indigenous plant species that were used by more of the frugivores of Lantana than a random selection of plants, suggesting that this approach warrants further investigation.     

基于手机健身数据的城市街道健康服务功能研究

城市街道是城市空间的基本单元,承载着多元的城市生活。本研究基于手机APP共享的健身数据,以街道线性体育活动为研究对象,从健康视角认知街道空间属性和特征。运用VGI-GIS的方法,在信息矢量化和可视化的基础上,从时间和空间2个维度,对城市街道的健康服务功能进行描述。基于运动热点空间的分布格局,研究在空间集聚、建成环境和人群收入3个层面上进行分析。结果表明,街道的空间连续性对健身活动有促进作用,大型公园和高校对健身活动有巨大的吸引力,公交站点对健身活动有多方面的影响,不同收入阶层健身活动差异明显。多元化的热点空间模式为提升街道的健康性提供了因地制宜的可能性。以健康为导向的城市设计探索采用临时封闭街道,在商业和办公区域周边增设户外体育设施等措施,提升街道的健康服务功能。     

Military Veterans and Service Dogs: A Qualitative Inquiry Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis

There are over 18.8 million veterans of the United States of America's Armed Forces. After military service veterans may find it difficult transitioning back to civilian life. Veterans reintegrating may experience physical and psychological challenges related to their military service. For many, a successful role change takes considerable time and determination. In order to ease their transition, veterans are using the assistance of service dogs to aid in symptom management and assist with positive reintegration into civilian life. Service dogs are highly trained animals that help individuals perform life tasks to assist with physical and psychological challenges. The purpose of this qualitative study was to give voice to the experiential viewpoints of veterans who utilize service dogs. Guided by the theoretically informed method of interpretation— interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA)—the researchers uncovered the veterans’ perspectives, which provided meaningful insight into their lives with a service dog. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with veterans (n = 21) who utilized a service dog. The interviews lasted approximately one hour and were video or audio recorded. The most salient themes that emerged from the interviews were grouped into four superordinate themes: Procurement, psychosocial functioning, value, and detriments. Results suggest that service dogs improved veterans’ physical and psychological health, provided a coping resource and a form of social support, and supported sustaining their independence. Veterans’ right to privacy and the public's lack of knowledge and understanding of legal accommodation requirements via the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) were perceptible. Implications for policy, practice, and research, are discussed.     

价值工程在医院管理中的应用初探

简述了医院开展价值工程的意义,对价值工程这一工程技术理论如何在医院管理中应用进行了探索,总结了医院的做法和实施效果,为提高医院管理水平,提升核心竞争力提供了一种新的角度。     

The Belgian Pollen Phone Service: immediate and direct information to hay fever sufferers

The Belgian Pollen Phone Service gives continuous information about the pollen content of the air. A comparison of the number of incoming phone calls with the pollen content of the air revealed a surprisingly good correlation. This article underlines the success of this service. It confirms the high susceptibility of hay fever sufferers at the beginning of the season. It also highlights that pollinosis is not always limited to birch and grass pollen allergy and it demonstrates the necessity for the continuous determination of the pollen content of the air. Allergies to mugwort pollen seem to be less important. The Pollen Phone Service is a prompt way to provide allergic subjects with recent pollen information.     

基于失效模式与效应分析法的临床药学服务风险研究

目的 探讨临床药学服务过程中的风险及引起风险的主要原因,通过一定的方式规避风险。方法 应用失效模式与效应分析法对临床药学服务模式进行风险识别管理和研究。结果 分析得出临床药学服务模式共计15项流程,21项失效环节,对其中排名靠前的高危风险提出了相应的干预措施。结论 失效模式与效应分析法可以前瞻地有效地识别高危风险,并结合风险产生的原因,针对性地采取干预措施,从而最大程度地规避风险的发生。