施肥与摘蕾对棉蚜、棉叶蝉种群数量及棉花产量的影响

分析比较了不同施氮水平(0-450kg·hm^-2)与不同摘蕾处理(0-12个·株^-1)对转Bt基因棉花(GK-12)和常规棉花(泗棉3号)的棉蚜、棉叶蝉种群数量以及棉花产量的影响．结果表明,两个品种的棉蚜、棉叶蝉种群数量和有效铃量没有显著性差异。在本实验水平下,施肥和摘蕾与施肥的交互作用对两种棉花的棉蚜数量有显著性的影响,而摘蕾、施肥和两者的交互作用对两种棉花的棉叶蝉数量没有显著影响．在花铃期,施氮肥能增加两种棉花的有效铃数．线性回归分析表明,两种棉花的棉蚜、棉叶蝉的数量与施氮肥量和摘蕾量成正相关关系;有效铃量与施氮肥量呈正相关,与摘蕾量呈负相关．     

Assessing the skill of yes/no predictions

Summary Should healthy, middle‐aged women receive precautionary mammograms? Should trauma surgeons use the popular TRISS score to predict the likelihood of patient survival? These are examples of questions confronting us when we decide whether to use a yes/no prediction. In order to trust a prediction we must show that it is more valuable than would be our best guess of the future in the absence of the prediction. Calculating value means identifying our loss should the prediction err and examining the past performance of the prediction with respect to that loss. A statistical test to do this is developed. Predictions that pass this test are said to have skill. Only skillful predictions should be used. Graphical and numerical methods to identify skill will be demonstrated. The usefulness of mammograms is explored.     

塔里木河上游土地利用变化中的生态价值损益分析

利用1990和2000年2期TM影像,对塔里木河上游典型绿洲的土地利用面积变化进行了研究,在土地利用变化背景下,通过货币化生态服务功能,揭示塔里木河上游典型绿洲生态价值的变化。研究表明,1990~2000年研究区土地利用变化显著。农田、居民点、盐碱地大面积增加,草地、林地、水域、湿地都有不同程度的减少;10年间研究区生态价值为负增长,减少了1.055×109元,由于土地利用变化而造成的生态价值损失巨大,而国民生产总值增加了3.652×109元。不顾生态环境的损失,盲目追求经济的增长,最终无法实现经济与社会的最大效益。评估区域生态价值,并将其纳入区域环境与经济综合核算体系意义重大。     

Dispersal failure contributes to plant losses in NW Europe

The ongoing decline of many plant species in Northwest Europe indicates that traditional conservation measures to improve the habitat quality, although useful, are not enough to halt diversity losses. Using recent databases, we show for the first time that differences between species in adaptations to various dispersal vectors, in combination with changes in the availability of these vectors, contribute significantly to explaining losses in plant diversity in Northwest Europe in the 20th century. Species with water- or fur-assisted dispersal are over-represented among declining species, while others (wind- or bird-assisted dispersal) are under-represented. Our analysis indicates that the 'colonization deficit' due to a degraded dispersal infrastructure is no less important in explaining plant diversity losses than the more commonly accepted effect of eutrophication and associated niche-based processes. Our findings call for measures that aim to restore the dispersal infrastructure across entire regions and that go beyond current conservation practices.     

二代玉米螟为害玉米产量损失研究

【目的】研究二代亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenee)为害对玉米产量的影响。【方法】以"先玉335"为供试玉米品种,通过人工接虫模拟二代玉米螟不同发生量为害玉米对产量损失的影响。【结果】随着接卵量增加,虫孔数和蛀孔隧道长度增加,玉米单穗粒重降低。单株虫孔数每增加1个,玉米产量损失率增加4.52%;隧道长度每增加10 cm,产量损失率增加8.34%。接卵量与玉米产量损失率的关系符合方程z=-10.0297+4.034 ln(x)。【结论】根据害虫经济阈值的定义,推算出二代玉米螟的防治指标为百株累积卵量12.8块,对二代玉米螟的防治决策具有重要指导作用。     

Plant diversity does not buffer drought effects on early‐stage litter mass loss rates and microbial properties

Human activities are decreasing biodiversity and changing the climate worldwide. Both global change drivers have been shown to affect ecosystem functioning, but they may also act in concert in a non‐additive way. We studied early‐stage litter mass loss rates and soil microbial properties (basal respiration and microbial biomass) during the summer season in response to plant species richness and summer drought in a large grassland biodiversity experiment, the Jena Experiment, Germany. In line with our expectations, decreasing plant diversity and summer drought decreased litter mass loss rates and soil microbial properties. In contrast to our hypotheses, however, this was only true for mass loss of standard litter (wheat straw) used in all plots, and not for plant community‐specific litter mass loss. We found no interactive effects between global change drivers, that is, drought reduced litter mass loss rates and soil microbial properties irrespective of plant diversity. High mass loss rates of plant community‐specific litter and low responsiveness to drought relative to the standard litter indicate that soil microbial communities were adapted to decomposing community‐specific plant litter material including lower susceptibility to dry conditions during summer months. Moreover, higher microbial enzymatic diversity at high plant diversity may have caused elevated mass loss of standard litter. Our results indicate that plant diversity loss and summer drought independently impede soil processes. However, soil decomposer communities may be highly adapted to decomposing plant community‐specific litter material, even in situations of environmental stress. Results of standard litter mass loss moreover suggest that decomposer communities under diverse plant communities are able to cope with a greater variety of plant inputs possibly making them less responsive to biotic changes.     

水稻田土—水系统中磷素行为及其环境影响研究

土壤测试表明供试土壤已富P．大田试验结果表明,P肥投入提高了土壤树脂P和田面水总P水平,且两者随着时间的推移而下降,但施P后的20d内,有机无机配施P肥对土壤有效P的贡献大于单施化肥P,在施P第7天时,有机无机配施P的田面水总P水平是单施化肥P的3．4倍,是施P量2倍的处理III的2．8倍,与有机肥配施的处理,其田表水P素流失潜能较单施化肥大,经33d后,P肥结构对田面水P素的影响不明显,两次水稻季节性排水而导致的P素净流失负荷和P素表观流失率变幅分别为－0．039－0．076kg.hm^-2和0.034-0.100% ,从减少水稻田排水P素流失角度考虑,可以认为,施P或土层被搅动后1周内是控制P素流失的主要环节。     

大叶黄杨叶片内部光能利用梯度

采用一种新方法来测量大叶黄杨叶片(Euonymus japonicus T.)内部的绝对光能利用效率梯度曲线.该方法基于光声光谱的深度分析(Depth-Analysis)理论,并结合了光纤微探测器的叶片光梯度测量结果.日本小檗(Berberis thunbergii D C.)叶片的光声光谱扫描显示了深度分析的精确性.实验结果表明:叶片内部利用光能效率最低处在栅栏组织和海绵组织之间(入射光能0.026%-660 nm红光);越靠近叶片的上表皮和下表皮,显示出叶片组织利用光能效率有上升的趋势(分别为0.092% 和0.036%).因此,不同叶肉组织绝对光能利用效率是不同的,该实验结果直接证实了Han和Vogelmann (1999)所提出的假设.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区集水区尺度土地利用格局变化的水土流失效应

以陕北杏河集水区1985和1995年两期土地利用数据为基础,结合水文、DEM数据,定性分析了土地利用格局变化条件下的水土流失效应,其中采用双累积曲线法来界定土地利用格局基本没有变化的时间段,用C值在坡度、距河流距离上的分布来表征土地利用格局,用不同时期降雨量／径流量、降雨侵蚀力／输沙率相对增加的比例来表征水土流失效应。研究结果表明：(1)1981～2000年,土地利用格局变化剧烈的年份为1990～1991年,可以用1985、1995年两期数据分别代表20世纪80年代和90年代的土地利用;(2)从20世纪80年代到90年代,杏河集水区的C值有明显的增加趋势,在较陡坡度和距河流距离较近处,C值增加的幅度相对较大;(3)土地利用格局变化明显改变了降雨量-径流量、降雨侵蚀力-输沙率的关系,出现了从20世纪80年代到90年代,虽然降雨量／降雨侵蚀力在整体上呈现明显下降的趋势,但是水土流失量,却表现出同比增加的现象,而且这种增加在不同月份也有差异。用本文中的方法来表征土地利用格局和水土流失效应,其结果具有较好的比配性,可以用来定性分析土地利用格局与水土流失的关系。但是,由于水土流失效应的表征方法没有考虑降雨的空间变异特征,该方法尚不适于雨量站点比较密集、降雨空间变异较大的区域。此外,在进一步的研究中,还需要注意遥感数据解译的准确性、C值精度、土地条件的变化等问题。     

Nasal Discs and the Vital Rates of Lesser Scaup

Nasal discs have been used to identify ducks in studies of survival and reproduction. To date, there has not been a comprehensive assessment of nasal-disc effects on the vital rates of wild ducks. We applied nasal discs to 603 juvenile and 784 adult lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) females from a population breeding in southwest Montana, USA, and released 1,399 juvenile and 71 adult females wearing only metal leg bands between June 2005 and September 2016. Using resighting, recapture, and hunter-recovery data collected from those individuals, we estimated survival and recovery probability with multistate capture-recapture models in Program MARK. We also assessed if recovery distance from our study site and pre-breeding and brood-rearing body condition were diminished for females wearing nasal discs. Model-averaged survival probabilities were 0.231 ± 0.035 (SE) for juveniles and 0.482 ± 0.019 for adults released with nasal discs. Survival was 1.8–3.4 times higher for females released with metal leg bands when compared to those released with nasal discs; survival of these juveniles was 0.433 ± 0.049 and 0.693 ± 0.039 for adults. We did not find evidence for recovery probability or recovery distance varying between females that wore nasal discs and those that did not. During the pre-breeding and brood-rearing seasons, we did not find females wearing nasal discs to be in lower body condition when compared to unmarked females. Our comprehensive assessment of nasal discs on wild lesser scaup suggests that survival probabilities estimated from nasal-marked study populations should be cautiously interpreted as minimum estimates. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.