醛糖还原酶抑制剂细胞筛选模型的建立

目的：将糖尿病慢性并发症相关基因醛糖还原酶 (aldose reductase, AR) 基因与腺相关病毒(adeno associated virus, AAV) 表达载体pSNAV2.0重组,使其在HEK293细胞中表达,以基因工程表达的AR为靶向,建立醛糖还原酶抑制剂 (aldose reductase inhibitor, ARI) 细胞筛选模型。方法：首先采用酶切、连接等方法构建含有人AR基因序列的AAV表达载体pSNAV-hAR,将重组质粒转染HEK293细胞,通过活性测定、Western blot和免疫荧光检测目的基因转染及表达的情况。结果：PCR、酶切、DNA测序均证实表达质粒pSNAV-hAR构建正确。转染HEK293细胞后,一系列分析结果显示,腺相关病毒表达载体介导的AR真核细胞表达产物是具有功能活性的目的蛋白。应用经典醛糖还原酶抑制剂 Sobinil 和 Zopolrestat 对此模型进行了验证。结论：AR高表达细胞模型的建立,为进一步筛选ARI、探讨多元醇通路学说在糖尿病慢性并发症发病机制中的作用奠定了基础。针对先后建立的酵母细胞与真核细胞模型的特点及三种AR活性测定方法中的注意事项进行了讨论。     

Early emergence in a butterfly causally linked to anthropogenic warming

There is strong correlative evidence that human-induced climate warming is contributing to changes in the timing of natural events. Firm attribution, however, requires cause-and-effect links between observed climate change and altered phenology, together with statistical confidence that observed regional climate change is anthropogenic. We provide evidence for phenological shifts in the butterfly Heteronympha merope in response to regional warming in the southeast Australian city of Melbourne. The mean emergence date for H. merope has shifted −1.5 days per decade over a 65-year period with a concurrent increase in local air temperatures of approximately 0.16°C per decade. We used a physiologically based model of climatic influences on development, together with statistical analyses of climate data and global climate model projections, to attribute the response of H. merope to anthropogenic warming. Such mechanistic analyses of phenological responses to climate improve our ability to forecast future climate change impacts on biodiversity.     

Maximum likelihood estimation for Cox's regression model under nested case-control sampling

Nested case-control sampling is designed to reduce the costs of large cohort studies. It is important to estimate the parameters of interest as efficiently as possible. We present a new maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for nested case-control sampling in the context of Cox's proportional hazards model. The MLE is computed by the EM-algorithm, which is easy to implement in the proportional hazards setting. Standard errors are estimated by a numerical profile likelihood approach based on EM aided differentiation. The work was motivated by a nested case-control study that hypothesized that insulin-like growth factor I was associated with ischemic heart disease. The study was based on a population of 3784 Danes and 231 cases of ischemic heart disease where controls were matched on age and gender. We illustrate the use of the MLE for these data and show how the maximum likelihood framework can be used to obtain information additional to the relative risk estimates of covariates.     

Successful lateral transfer requires codon usage compatibility between foreign genes and recipient genomes

We present evidence supporting the notion that codon usage (CU) compatibility between foreign genes and recipient genomes is an important prerequisite to assess the selective advantage of imported functions, and therefore to increase the fixation probability of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events. This contrasts with the current tendency in research to predict recent HGTs in prokaryotes by assuming that acquired genes generally display poor CU. By looking at the CU level (poor, typical, or rich) exhibited by putative xenologs still resembling their original CU, we found that most alien genes predominantly present typical CU immediately upon introgression, thereby suggesting that the role of CU amelioration in HGT has been overemphasized. In our strategy, we first scanned a representative set of 103 complete prokaryotic genomes for all pairs of candidate xenologs (exported/imported genes) displaying similar CU. We applied additional filtering criteria, including phylogenetic validations, to enhance the reliability of our predictions. Our approach makes no assumptions about the CU of foreign genes being typical or atypical within the recipient genome, thus providing a novel unbiased framework to study the evolutionary dynamics of HGT.     

Neutral and non-neutral macroecology

Because of the multiscalar nature of processes underlying biodiversity dynamics, macroecology has emerged as a discipline that seeks to build an understanding of this complexity by examining statistical patterns in large assemblages of species in geographic space and ecological time. Models that assume individual organisms within trophically defined assemblages are ecologically equivalent can produce many patterns identified by macroecology. Neutral models predict two important dynamical patterns that can be tested in real assemblages. First, they predict that species diversity will decline within an assemblage over time. The rate of this decay in species diversity can be predicted from estimates of migration rates from a “metacommunity” or species pool. Second, neutral models predict a divergence of species composition among local communities over time. The rate and degree of divergence among communities also depend on the migration rate. The few studies that have been done to date imply that the rate of migration in real species assemblages is much lower than that required to explain the degree of community similarity maintained in space and time. There are at least two alternative ways to extend neutral models to incorporate more biological realism. First, competitive asymmetries among species may be introduced to allow for the possibility that individuals of some species may have an advantage in replacing individuals that die. Second, environmental heterogeneity can be introduced by assuming sites available to individuals differ in quality to individuals of different species. The neutral model, because of its conceptual simplicity and rigor, should be considered as a null model for baseline comparison to actual patterns of distribution, abundance, species composition, and beta diversity.

Zusammenfassung

Wegen der multiskalaren Natur der Prozesse, die der Biodiversitätsdynamik zugrunde liegen, entstand die Makroökologie als eine Disziplin, die anstrebt ein Verständnis dieser Komplexität zu schaffen, indem sie statistische Muster in großen Vergesellschaftungen von Arten im geografischen Raum und ökologischer Zeit untersucht. Modelle, die davon ausgehen, dass individuelle Organismen innerhalb trophisch definierter Vergesellschaftungen ökologisch äquivalent sind, können viele Muster erzeugen, die durch die Makroökologie indentifiziert werden. Neutrale Modelle sagen zwei wichtige dynamische Muster vorher, die in realen Vergesellschaftungen getestet werden können. Als Erstes sagen sie vorher, dass die Artendiversität in einer Vergesellschaftung mit der Zeit abnehmen wird. Die Rate der Abnahme der Artendiversität kann über Schätzungen der Migrationsraten aus einer Metagemeinschaft bzw. einem Artenpool vorhergesagt werden. Als Zweites sagen neutrale Modelle eine Divergenz der Artenzusammensetzung zwischen den lokalen Gemeinschaften mit der Zeit vorher. Die Rate und der Grad der Divergenz zwischen den Gemeinschaften hängt ebenfalls von der Migrationsrate ab. Die wenigen Untersuchungen, die bis heute gemacht wurden, implizieren, dass die Rate der Migration in realen Artenvergesellschaftungen viel geringer als erforderlich sind, um den Grad der Gemeinschaftsähnlichkeit zu erklären, der in Raum und Zeit aufrecht erhalten wird. Es gibt mindestens zwei alternative Weisen neutrale Modelle zu erweitern, um mehr biologische Realität mit einzubeziehen. Als Erstes können Asymmetrien der Konkurrenz unter Arten einbezogen werden, um die Möglichkeit zu zulassen, dass Individuen einiger Arten einen Vorteil bei der Ersetzung von sterbenden Individuen haben. Als Zweites kann die Umweltheterogenität mit einbezogen werden, indem angenommen wird, dass sich die verfügbaren Standorte in ihrer Qualität für Individuen verschiedener Arten unterscheiden. Wegen seiner konzeptuellen Einfachheit und Starrheit sollte das neutrale Modell als Null-Modell für grundlegende Vergleiche von Verbreitung, Abundanz, Artenzusammensetzung und Betadiversität angesehen werden.     

Perinatal transmission of SHIV-SF162P3 in Macaca nemestrina

We developed a SHIV/macaque model of transmission from infected dams to their infants. Ten pregnant dams were infected intravenously with 100 MID(50) of macaque-titered SHIV-SF162P3 during the second trimester. Nine infants were born; the seven surviving beyond day of birth suckled for 6 months. Four of nine infants were infected (transmission rate = 44.4%), with one infection in utero, and three intrapartum and/or immediately post-birth via suckling. Varying levels of binding and neutralizing antibodies were transplacentally transferred to infants. Passive antibodies were detected in plasma on the day of birth and persisted for 5 weeks. Infants infected at or after birth controlled acute and post-acute viremia. Exposure to maternal SHIV-SF162P3 during birth and suckling in the presence of autologous maternal neutralizing antibodies may have affected transmission or pathogenesis in the infants. This transmission model can allow investigation of key parameters involved in perinatal transmission of HIV.     

植物根系吸水机理的研究进展

近年来,植物根系吸水机理在细胞、组织和整体水平上的研究进展非常迅速,对阐明植物抗旱机制及其高效利用有限水资源途径的探讨具有重要意义.本文主要对植物根的复合结构和根系在土壤中的分布、根系中水流性质等方面的最新研究状况进行了概述,特别详细地论述了水通道蛋白的表达及功能与根系中水分运动的关系、以及根系输水的调节和根系吸水过程中的信号传导方面的研究动态,并且评价了根的复合运输模型和根系吸水的数学模型等,最后就其可能生理意义及其应用前景作了评述.     

基于MFCC和GMM的昆虫声音自动识别

昆虫的运动、 取食、 鸣叫都会发出声音, 这些声音存在种内相似性和种间差异性, 因此可用来识别昆虫的种类。基于昆虫声音的昆虫种类自动检测技术对协助农业和林业从业人员方便地识别昆虫种类非常有意义。本研究采用了语音识别领域里的声音参数化技术来实现昆虫的声音自动鉴别。声音样本经预处理后, 提取梅尔倒谱系数（Mel frequency cepstrum coefficient, MFCC）作为特征, 并用这些样本提取的MFCC特征集训练混合高斯模型（Gaussian mixture model, GMM）。最后用训练所得到的GMM对未知类别的昆虫声音样本进行分类。该方法在包含58种昆虫声音的样本库中进行了评估, 取得了较高的识别正确率（平均精度为98.95%）和较理想的时间性能。该测试结果证明了基于MFCC和GMM的语音参数化技术可以用来有效地识别昆虫种类。     

Dietary hardness, loading behavior, and the evolution of skull form in bats

The morphology and biomechanics of the vertebrate skull reflect the physical properties of diet and behaviors used in food acquisition and processing. We use phyllostomid bats, the most diverse mammalian dietary radiation, to investigate if and how changes in dietary hardness and loading behaviors during feeding shaped the evolution of skull morphology and biomechanics. When selective regimes of food hardness are modeled, we found that species consuming harder foods have evolved skull shapes that allow for more efficient bite force production. These species have shorter skulls and a greater reliance on the temporalis muscle, both of which contribute to a higher mechanical advantage at an intermediate gape angle. The evolution of cranial morphology and biomechanics also appears to be related to loading behaviors. Evolutionary changes in skull shape and the relative role of the temporalis and masseter in generating bite force are correlated with changes in the use of torsional and bending loading behaviors. Functional equivalence appears to have evolved independently among three lineages of species that feed on liquids and are not obviously morphologically similar. These trends in cranial morphology and biomechanics provide insights into behavioral and ecological factors shaping the skull of a trophically diverse clade of mammals.