内源GSH参与低温胁迫下外源NO对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合作用的调控

为探讨还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)参与低温(10℃/6℃)胁迫下一氧化氮(NO)对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合及荧光作用的调节作用,该研究以‘津研4号’黄瓜幼苗为试材,于四叶一心时置光周期14 h/10 h、昼夜温度25℃/20℃光照培养箱内,叶面预处理分别为:双蒸水(对照)、GSH合成酶抑制剂(BSO,丁硫氨酸亚砜胺)、NADPH合成酶抑制剂(6-AN,6-氨基烟酰胺),8 h后再喷施NO供体亚硝基铁氰化钠(SNP),于第1次喷施药剂24 h后昼夜温度降至10℃/6℃,低温胁迫24 h后测定叶片细胞膜透性、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光等各项指标。结果显示:(1)与CK相比,SNP处理显著提高了黄瓜幼苗叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Φ_(PSⅡ))、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、表观光合电子传递系数(ETR)及NO含量,显著降低叶片胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)、电解质渗漏率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、非调节性能量耗散量子产量Y_(NO)。(2)SNP处理可保持较高的荧光产额,使快速叶绿素荧光诱导曲线JIP相逐渐升高,而BSO+SNP、6-AN+SNP处理显著降低了SNP的作用效果;SNP处理黄瓜幼苗叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率(φ_(Po))、PSⅡ反应中心吸收光能用于电子传递的量子产额(φ_(Eo))、捕获激子将电子传递到电子传递链Q_A~-下游其他电子受体的概率(ψ_o)、与PSⅡ反应中心受体侧性能有关的荧光参数包括氧气释放复合体(OEC)活性状态(F_(O-K))、Q_A被还原能力(F_(K-J))、Q_B(含快还原PQ库)被还原能力(F_(J-I))和慢还原PQ库被还原能力(F_(I-P))以及单位受光面积有活性反应中心数量(RC/CS)等均显著高于CK,而与反应中心关闭有关的荧光参数Q_A被还原最大速率(M_o)和J相相对可变荧光(V_J)均显著低于CK。(3)BSO+SNP、6-AN+SNP处理也削弱了SNP的这些作用效果。研究表明,在低温胁迫条件下,内源GSH参与了外源NO增强黄瓜幼苗叶片相对含水量、缓解膜脂过氧化、稳定PSⅡ和促进PSⅡ反应中心电子传递链供受体侧的电子传递能力,从而提高黄瓜幼苗耐冷性。     

Interannual variation in precipitation and other planting conditions impacts seedling establishment in sown plant communities

Ecological restoration can reverse biodiversity loss worldwide, yet restoration goals and outcomes vary widely, which limits this potential. Divergent restoration outcomes may stem from variation in conditions at the outset of restoration, but empirical evidence is lacking and typically confounded with site differences. Additionally, precipitation is usually cited as the source of this variation, although a wide range of conditions can vary annually. We tested for effects of planting year on seedling establishment by installing identical restorations in three different years. Within those years, we manipulated rainfall with rain‐out shelters to disentangle the effects of precipitation from other annually variable conditions. Additionally, we tested whether increasing seed mix richness buffers against adverse planting conditions. For the first growing season after planting, we followed emergence and survival of sown prairie species and nonsown weed species to determine how planting year conditions influence an establishing plant community, if at all. We found that seedling establishment differed across planting years and precipitation treatments, and that varying emergence patterns by species led to differences in the composition of the first‐year community. We also found significant variation in sown species establishment across years when precipitation was held constant, illustrating the previously overlooked role of nonprecipitation drivers on planting year effects. Higher seed mix richness did not consistently improve establishment of sown species under different planting conditions. This research provides important experimental evidence for effects of interannual variation in planting conditions on first‐year establishment. Future work will examine how these initial changes affect longer‐term assembly dynamics.     

Seed transfer among bird-dispersed trees and its consequences for post-dispersal seed fate

We investigated seed transfer, i.e. the seed movement away from a source canopy to areas beneath heterospecific canopies, among the ornithochorous tree species Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium and Crataegus monogyna in temperate secondary forests in NW Spain, by analysing the composition of multispecific seed rain beneath the canopy of each species, at four sites and for 2 years. To evaluate the consequences on seed fate, we estimated predation by rodents in manipulated seed rains, representing variable levels of relative proportion and total density for combinations of a preferred species paired with a less-preferred species. Seed rain under Taxus canopies was dominated by Taxus seeds, which occurred in low proportion under heterospecific canopies. Ilex seeds dominated the areas under Ilex but accounted for 20–40% of seeds under heterospecific trees. Crataegus seeds were not dominant in any of the microhabitats. The probability of being deposited beneath a heterospecific canopy was much higher for Ilex and Crataegus than for Taxus. The effects of seed rain composition on post-dispersal seed predation were species-specific. Taxus seeds experienced lower predation when occurring in a background of seeds dominated by heterospecific, Ilex or Crataegus, seeds. Crataegus seeds escaped predation more successfully in high-density patches, independently of seed clump composition. Predation on Ilex seeds was independent to both the density and the composition of seed clump. Seed transfer among heterospecific tree species may contribute to shape the template of propagule abundances from which forest will develop, by generating seed combinations favourable to escape from predation.     

On the role of a Lipid-Transfer Protein. Arabidopsis ltp3 mutant is compromised in germination and seedling growth.

Plant Lipid-Transfer Proteins (LTPs) exhibit the ability to reversibly bind/transport lipids in vitro. LTPs have been involved in diverse physiological processes but conclusive evidence on their role has only been presented for a few members, none of them related to seed physiology. Arabidopsis seeds rely on storage oil breakdown to supply carbon skeletons and energy for seedling growth. Here, Arabidopsis ltp3 mutant was analyzed for its ability to germinate and for seedling establishment. Ltp3 showed delayed germination and reduced germination frequency. Seedling growth appeared reduced in the mutant but this growth restriction was rescued by the addition of an exogenous carbon supply, suggesting a defective oil mobilization. Lipid breakdown analysis during seedling growth revealed a differential profile in the mutant compared to the wild type. The involvement of LTP3 in germination and seedling growth and its relationship with the lipid transfer ability of this protein is discussed.     

急性心肌梗死伴新发束支传导阻滞的临床意义

目的:观察急性心肌梗死伴新发左、右束支传导阻滞的临床特点,评价束支阻滞对急性心肌梗死预后的影响。方法:对上海交通大学附属第一人民医院心内科重症监护室2010年1月1日到12月31日收治的197例急性心肌梗死患者的病历资料进行回顾性分析,根据束支传导阻滞有无及类型分为左束支传导阻滞组(12例),右束支传导阻滞组(19例)和对照组(无束支传导阻滞的急性心梗,166例)。分析和比较三组患者的基线资料,心梗部位、Killip分级、恶性室性心律失常、左室射血分数LVEF、病变血管数量、梗死相关冠脉、住院天数及病死率、实验室检查(BNP,心肌损伤标志物峰值)。结果:LBBB组AMI患者的恶性心律失常发生率明显高于对照组(P=0.007),LVEF明显低于RBBB组和对照组(P值分别为0.020、0.045),梗死相关动脉以LAD多见。结论:急性心梗伴束支传导阻滞往往提示病情严重,预后不良,急性心梗合并左束支阻滞较合并右束支阻滞病情更严重。     

Prevalence of parasitism and adult survival time of Aedes albifasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) parasitized by Strelkovimermis spiculatus (Nematoda: Mermithidae)

We described the carryover of Strelkovimermis spiculatus (Poinar and Camino) (Nematoda: Mermithidae) from mosquito larvae, the primary site of maturation, to adults. We analyzed the survival time of male and female Aedes albifasciatus (Macquart) (Diptera: Culicidae) parasitized by S. spiculatus, the time of emergence of nematodes from adult mosquitoes, and the state of parasitism in the same mosquito cohorts during the immature stages. Mosquito larvae with single and multiple parasitism (up to 11 parasites) were observed. The mortality of mosquito larvae and adults was produced in all cases where at least one mermithid emerged. The mortality of S. spiculatus showed an increasing trend in mosquito larvae with larger numbers of nematodes and was higher in larvae parasitized by eight or more nematodes. Maximum survival of parasitized adult females of Ae. albifasciatus was 38 days, while non‐parasitized adult males and females survived 39 and 41 days, respectively. Strelkovimermis spiculatus mortality was observed in Ae. albifasciatus larvae with single or multiple parasitisms. The spread of mermithid parasitism in adult mosquito populations is discussed.     

Restoring montane cloud forest: establishment of three Fagaceae species in the old fields of central Veracruz,Mexico

Tropical montane cloud forest is rapidly disappearing and our knowledge of how to restore this system is limited. In a cloud forest of central Veracruz, Mexico, we studied seedling survival, growth, and causes of mortality (microenvironment and herbivory) of three native tree species, Fagus grandifolia, Quercus germana, and Q. xalapensis, transplanted into abandoned pastures (<1 year old) and secondary forests (9–17 years old). Microenvironment differed between the two habitats, temperature and photosynthetically active radiation were higher, and humidity was lower in the abandoned pastures than in the secondary forests. Seedling survival was greater in secondary forests than in pastures: F. grandifolia, 94 and 64%; Q. germana, 88 and 68%; and Q. xalapensis, 61 and 57%, respectively. The cause of mortality differed between habitats, with gophers (24.2% mortality) and mice (4.8%) killing the most seedlings in pastures, and damping‐off (16%) was the most important cause in secondary forests. The relative growth rate in height and basal area was significantly higher in abandoned pastures than in secondary forests; Q. xalapensis had the highest growth rate, followed by Q. germana and F. grandifolia. The environmental conditions in this mountainous cloud forest region seem less stressful to planted seedlings than the conditions of other lowland systems, as frequent clouds favor their establishment even in open sites. We conclude that Fagaceae species can successfully establish in abandoned pastures in mesic environments. Thus, the species studied can be used to speed cloud forest regeneration in the same area at different successional stages.     

Dominant tree species are at risk from exaggerated drought under climate change

Predicting the consequences of climate change on forest systems is difficult because trees may display species‐specific responses to exaggerated droughts that may not be reflected by the climatic envelope of their geographic range. Furthermore, few studies have examined the postdrought recovery potential of drought‐susceptible tree species. This study develops a robust ranking of the drought susceptibility of 21 tree species based on their mortality after two droughts (1990s and 2000s) in the savanna of north‐eastern Australia. Drought‐induced mortality was positively related to species dominance, negatively related to the ratio of postdrought seedlings to adults and had no relationship to the magnitude of extreme drought within the species current geographic ranges. These results suggest that predicting the consequences of exaggerated drought on species’ geographic ranges is difficult, but that dominant species like Eucalyptus with relatively slow rates of population recovery and dispersal are the most susceptible. The implications for savanna ecosystems are lower tree densities and basal area.