The Marine Component of Ichthyofauna in the Mouth Area and Lower Course of the Tumen River

The species composition of typically marine fishes in the lower course and mouth area of the Tumen River (Sea of Japan) is examined based on original faunistic collections and literature data. Thirty-three species belonging to 19 families were recorded. The ratio of species of boreal and subtropical origins was found; temporary and seasonal migrants were identified. Some species (Platichthys stellatus, Myoxocephalus stelleri, Strongylura anastomella, and Mugil cephalus) can be considered indicators of the state of the environment. It is noted that yearly surveys of the marine fish composition in the river zone are needed for monitoring climatic and anthropogenic influences.     

Antennal sugar sensitivity in the click beetle Agriotes obscurus

The occurrence of salt‐, sugar‐sensitive neurones and a mechanoreceptor neurone in the antennal hair‐like gustatory sensilla of the click beetle Agriotes obscurus L. (Coleoptera, Elateridae) is demonstrated using the electrophysiological sensillum tip‐recording technique. The stimulating effect of 13 water soluble sugars at 100 mm is tested on the neurones of these sensilla. Sucrose and fructose are the two most stimulating sugars for the sugar‐sensitive neurone, evoking almost 30 spikes s^?1 at 100 mm . The stimulating effect of arabinose, glucose, mannose, maltose and raffinose is three‐ to five‐fold lower, in the range 5.9–9.6 spikes s^?1. The remaining six sugars, xylose, galactose, rhamnose, cellobiose, trehalose and lactose, have very low (<1 spikes s^?1) or no ability to stimulate the sugar‐sensitive neurone. Concentration/response curves of the sugar‐sensitive neurone to sucrose, fructose and glucose at 0.01–100 mm overlap to a large extent in hibernating, cold reactivated and reproductively‐active beetles. A remarkable 9–50% decrease in the number of spikes evoked by 100 mm fructose and 10–100 mm sucrose occurs, however, in reproductively‐active beetles in June compared with beetles at the beginning of hibernation in October. These findings show that A. obscurus is capable of sensing a wide range sugars via their antennal gustatory sensilla.     

东海低氧区及邻近水域浮游植物的季节变化

根据2011年5月、8月、11月在东海低氧区及邻近水域(25°00'—33°30'N,120°00'—127°30'E)进行的多学科综合调查,对东海低氧区及邻近水域浮游植物群落结构特征及季节变化进行了相关研究。经Utermhl方法初步分析共鉴定出浮游植物4门74属248种(含变种、变型,不含未定种),主要由硅藻和甲藻组成,此外还有少量的金藻和蓝藻。春季优势种主要为具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum)、柔弱伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissim)、骨条藻(Skeletonema sp.)和具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata);夏季主要是中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和海链藻(Thalassiosira sp.);秋季主要是具槽帕拉藻、圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus sp.)和柔弱伪菱形藻。调查区浮游植物平均细胞丰度在夏季最高,达到85.002×103个/L,春季次之,秋季最低。在水平方向上,春、夏两季,表层浮游植物细胞丰度在近岸出现高值,由近岸到外海细胞丰度逐渐降低;而在秋季则相反,在调查海域的东北部出现高值,随离岸距离的增加细胞丰度逐渐增加。在垂直方向上,春、夏两季,浮游植物细胞丰度在表层出现最大值,随着深度的增加细胞丰度逐渐降低;而在秋季细胞丰度分布比较均匀,随水深变化不明显。调查区表层浮游植物ShannonWiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数的平面分布基本一致,并且与细胞丰度的分布大致呈镶嵌分布。调查浮游植物群落的演替规律是:从春季的甲藻(具齿原甲藻、微小原甲藻(Prorocentrum minimum)等)为主,硅藻(柔弱伪菱形藻、骨条藻等)为辅;演替至夏季的硅藻(中肋骨条藻、海链藻等)为主,甲藻(主要是梭状角藻(Ceratium fusus)和叉状角藻(Ceratium furca))为辅,到秋季进一步演替为硅藻(具槽帕拉藻、圆筛藻、柔弱伪菱形藻等)为主,铁氏束毛藻(Trichodesmium thiebaultii)为辅。浮游植物物种组成、优势种、细胞丰度及多样性指数均表现出明显的时空变化。低氧区与非低氧区浮游植物群集存在明显差异。     

American pika in a low‐elevation lava landscape: expanding the known distribution of a temperature‐sensitive species

In 2010, the American pika (Ochotona princeps fenisex) was denied federal protection based on limited evidence of persistence in low‐elevation environments. Studies in nonalpine areas have been limited to relatively few environments, and it is unclear whether patterns observed elsewhere (e.g., Bodie, CA) represent other nonalpine habitats. This study was designed to establish pika presence in a new location, determine distribution within the surveyed area, and evaluate influences of elevation, vegetation, lava complexity, and distance to habitat edge on pika site occupancy. In 2011 and 2012, we conducted surveys for American pika on four distinct subalpine lava flows of Newberry National Volcanic Monument, Oregon, USA. Field surveys were conducted at predetermined locations within lava flows via silent observation and active searching for pika sign. Site habitat characteristics were included as predictors of occupancy in multinomial regression models. Above and belowground temperatures were recorded at a subsample of pika detection sites. Pika were detected in 26% (2011) and 19% (2012) of survey plots. Seventy‐four pika were detected outside survey plot boundaries. Lava complexity was the strongest predictor of pika occurrence, where pika were up to seven times more likely to occur in the most complicated lava formations. Pika were two times more likely to occur with increasing elevation, although they were found at all elevations in the study area. This study expands the known distribution of the species and provides additional evidence for persistence in nonalpine habitats. Results partially support the predictive occupancy model developed for pika at Craters of the Moon National Monument, another lava environment. Characteristics of the lava environment clearly influence pika site occupancy, but habitat variables reported as important in other studies were inconclusive here. Further work is needed to gain a better understanding of the species’ current distribution and ability to persist under future climate conditions.     

黄土高原雨水集聚深层入渗(RWCI)系统下山地果园土壤水分时空变异特征

水资源短缺是影响黄土高原雨养农业发展的关键性因素,雨水资源开发是缓解该地区水资源短缺的有效措施.本研究利用管式 TDR 系统监测21年红富士老果园0～300 cm土层土壤含水率变化,分析了雨水集聚深层入渗(RWCI)系统下黄土高原旱作山地果园土壤水分时空分布特征.结果表明: RWCI系统能够显著增加果园土壤含水率,特别是40～80 cm土层(土壤含水率低值区)土壤含水率,在该区域,不同设计深度(40、60和80 cm)RWCI处理(RWCI₄₀、RWCI₆₀和RWCI₈₀)年均土壤含水率分别较鱼鳞坑(CK)处理提高75.3%、85.4%和62.4%,分别较裸露坡地(BS)处理提高39.2%、47.2%和29.1%.RWCI₄₀、RWCI₆₀和RWCI₈₀处理土壤水分入渗最大深度分别为80、120和180 cm,显著深于CK处理(60 cm),其中土壤水分变化幅度最大的土层分别主要发生在0～60、0～100和0～120 cm.在果树整个生育期内,RWCI处理土壤平均含水率(0～300 cm)以RWCI₈₀处理最大,其次是RWCI₄₀和RWCI₆₀处理.总体来看,RWCI系统是黄土高原实现雨水资源化和农业高效用水的有效措施.     

淮南采煤塌陷湖泊浮游植物功能群的季节演替及其驱动因子

在淮南矿区设置潘谢潘集站(PXPJ)、潘谢顾桥站(PXGQ)和潘谢谢桥站(PXXQ)等3个塌陷湖泊站点,分别代表3种典型矿区湖泊水文生态条件,于2013—2014年分4个季度采样并分析了3个湖泊浮游植物功能群组成、季节演替规律及其与环境和生物因子的关系。结果显示,3个湖泊的浮游植物种类可归入16个功能群,其主要优势功能群反映了小型富营养化湖泊水体的生境特征。PXPJ春季S1、X2和Y为主要优势功能群,分别以伪鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena sp.)、具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata Geitler)和卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata Ehr.)为代表种属,随后3个季节C为第1优势功能群,以链形小环藻(Cyclotella catenata)为代表物种。PXGQ春夏秋3个季节中均以伪鱼腥藻为代表的S1功能群占绝对优势地位,冬季向C(以链形小环藻为代表)和D(以尖针杆藻为代表)为主的功能群演替。PXXQ春季X2和Y为主要优势功能群,分别以具尾蓝隐藻和卵形隐藻为代表,夏秋季以伪鱼腥藻为代表的S1功能群占据优势地位,冬季向C(链形小环藻为代表)和E(长锥形锥囊藻为代表)功能群为主的群落结构演替。水温和光照条件是驱动淮南采煤塌陷湖泊浮游植物功能群季节演替的关键环境因子,而营养盐和生物因素是导致3个湖泊功能群组成差异的重要原因。     

Seasonal variation in ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity in Pinus silvestris

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity was examined in Pinus silvestris L. during successive seasons. The enzyme activities were studied both in seedlings, kept under controlled conditions in a climate chamber, and in needles from a 15-year-old tree in a natural stand. The enzyme activities were analysed in cell-free extracts prepared with Tween 80 as protective agent. The carboxylase activity fluctuated periodically both in the seedlings and in the natural stand. In the seedlings, the weight-related activity in the older needles increased 50–100% (in the cotyledons c. 200%) in the beginning of the “summer”. It decreased as the new shoot developed. The specific activity increased c. 100%. With chlorophyll as base, the activity usually decreased during “summer”. In the developing current needles the carboxylase activity increased when expressed on a weight or on a protein basis. The decrease in weight-related carboxylase activity in the older needles was preceded by, or simultaneous with, loss of total protein. It is suggested that protein, including the carboxylase, is utilized as nitrogen reserve for the new shoot. During hardening by combined photoperiod and thermoperiod, the carboxylase activity decreased when expressed relative to dry weight and protein. Calculated on a chlorophyll basis, the activity was rather constant. In the natural stand the activity in the one- and two-year-old needles increased during spring and summer and decreased during autumn and winter. Even at severe winter stress substantial carboxylase activity remained in the needles. The activity of the enzyme in vivo is discussed with respect to electron transport and net photosynthesis.     

扎龙湿地芦苇种群不同龄级根茎构件的季节动态

克隆植物根茎具有营养繁殖和扩展种群的功能,也是芽和分株生理整合的通道。根茎构件具有出生、死亡及年龄等种群统计特征,不同龄级根茎的季节动态可以反映根茎的存活和衰老过程。采用单位土体挖掘取样,对扎龙湿地4个生境芦苇种群根茎构件进行野外调查,比较不同龄级根茎长度、生物量和干物质贮量的季节动态。结果表明:7—10月份,1a根茎长度、生物量和干物质贮量均呈指数函数增加,在生长季中后期有一个持续时间较长的生长和物质积累时期。6—10月份,2a、3a根茎长度呈线性函数增加,4—6a根茎长度呈线性函数减少;2—4a根茎生物量和2—5a根茎干物质贮量呈二次函数先减少后增加,5a、6a根茎生物量和6a根茎干物质贮量呈幂函数减少。整个生长期内,根茎长度和根茎生物量均以3a最大,根茎长度以最高的6a最小,根茎生物量以最低的1a最小;根茎干物质储量以5a最大,以最低的1a最小。4个生境芦苇种群根茎长度、生物量和干物质贮量在龄级间的差异及差异序位稳定,在新根茎的产生、老根茎的存活以及根茎寿命与养分消耗和储藏上均具有稳定的生物学特性,不同龄级根茎在种群中的地位和作用以及对种群的贡献不同。     

林隙干扰和升温对小兴安岭红松和臭冷杉径向生长的影响

通过建立小兴安岭阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林内林隙与非林隙红松、臭冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)轮宽年表,分析林隙干扰(微环境差异)和1980年后显著升温对树木径向生长的影响。结果表明:升温减缓了非林隙红松生长,却加快了林隙红松生长;升温后,非林隙红松受温度影响减弱,而林隙红松则增强,林隙和非林隙红松径向生长与帕默尔干旱指数(Palmer drought severity index,PDSI)均由负相关变为正相关;林隙干扰导致臭冷杉径向生长减缓,升温导致林隙与非林隙臭冷杉年生长量均下降了约50%,非林隙木对温度的负响应要高于林隙木;升温后,5—10月温度对非林隙木抑制作用明显,非生长季(1—5月)降水对非林隙臭冷杉的抑制作用加强,而对林隙臭冷杉则由抑制变为促进;PDSI与非林隙臭冷杉由升温前的负相关变为升温后的正相关,而林隙臭冷杉则负相关更显著;林隙干扰减少耐荫喜湿树木径向生长,而对阳性树种影响不大或略有增加;林隙木比非林隙木更易受外界环境变化的影响,林隙干扰可使喜湿耐荫树种提前适应暖干环境,以提高了对升温适应性;升温导致林隙木与非林隙木年轮气候响应差异变大。     

Intra-annual variation in the batch fecundity of sardine off Portugal

Atresia in the ovaries of sardine Sardina pilchardus did not show clear seasonal patterns. There was high prevalance ( c. 60%) and low intensity ( c. 1% of gonadal area occupied by oocytes) in all months of the spawning season studied. The batch size to ovary-free mass relationship was significantly different in the mid-spawning season, with higher relative fecundity and gonadosomatic index (I_G) in January than in November and March. There was no additional effect on batch fecundity due to age or condition factor. Data from monthly market samples during 1998–1999 revealed a continuous decline of the condition factor throughout the spawning season. The market samples also revealed that the duration of the spawning season is not equal for all fish. In any month, pre-spawning fish tended to have significantly higher I_G than spawners, indicating that delayed initiation of spawning can lead to larger relative fecundity. The increase in sardine relative fecundity during the first half of the spawning season is probably due to the continuous influx of new spawners and possibly to body mass loss that is initially not translated into gonad mass loss. After January when all visible fat reserves within the body cavity have disappeared, the influx of new spawners practically ceases.