海洋真菌菌核青霉FS50固体发酵代谢产物

采用硅胶柱、反相硅胶柱、凝胶柱、薄层制备和HPLC等色谱技术对1株分离自南海沉积物的海洋真菌菌核青霉Penicillium sclerotiorum FS50的大米发酵提取物进行分离纯化,从中分离得到7个化合物。通过波谱数据分析,化合物1-7分别被鉴定为:6,8‐dihydroxyisocoumarin‐3‐butyl formate(1),6,8‐dihydroxyisocoumarin‐3‐carboxylic acid(2),6‐methoxy‐8‐hydroxyisocoumarin‐3‐carboxylic acid(3),(+)‐sclerotiorin(4),4‐methyl‐5,6‐dihydropyren‐2‐one(5),5‐羟甲基糠醛(6),胡萝卜甙(7)。化合物1为新化合物,化合物2,3,6为首次从青霉属中分离得到。     

菌核病防治研究进展

菌核病是一种寄主种类广泛的重大植物病害,可侵染450多种重要作物和草类,在我国每年给油菜、大豆以及多种蔬菜带来10～30亿元的损失.介绍了菌核病的症状、危害以及致病机理等,概述了主要的防治措施,并报道了国内外在关于菌核病生物防治、转基因育种、分子机理等方面的研究进展.     

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: when "to be or not to be" a pathogen?

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is unusual among necrotrophic pathogens in its requirement for senescent tissues to establish an infection and to complete the life cycle. A model for the infection process has emerged whereby the pathogenic phase is bounded by saprophytic phases; the distinction being that the dead tissues in the latter are generated by the actions of the pathogen. Initial colonization of dead tissue provides nutrients for pathogen establishment and resources to infect healthy plant tissue. The early pathogenicity stage involves production of oxalic acid and the expression of cell wall degrading enzymes, such as specific isoforms of polygalacturonase (SSPG1) and protease (ASPS), at the expanding edge of the lesion. Such activities release small molecules (oligo-galacturonides and peptides) that serve to induce the expression of a second wave of degradative enzymes that collectively bring about the total dissolution of the plant tissue. Oxalic acid and other metabolites and enzymes suppress host defences during the pathogenic phase, while other components initiate host cell death responses leading to the formation of necrotic tissue. The pathogenic phase is followed by a second saprophytic phase, the transition to which is effected by declining cAMP levels as glucose becomes available and further hydrolytic enzyme synthesis is repressed. Low cAMP levels and an acidic environment generated by the secretion of oxalic acid promote sclerotial development and completion of the life cycle. This review brings together histological, biochemical and molecular information gathered over the past several decades to develop this tri-phasic model for infection. In several instances, studies with Botrytis species are drawn upon for supplemental and supportive evidence for this model. In this process, we attempt to outline how the interplay between glucose levels, cAMP and ambient pH serves to coordinate the transition between these phases and dictate the biochemical and developmental events that define them.     

A sunflower leaf antifungal peptide active against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

A 5-kDa antifungal peptide (APS) was isolated from Helianthus annum L. (line HA89) leaves infected with a virulent isolate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. AP5 was purified by gel filtration, cation exchange chromatography and reverse phase FPLC and HPLC. This peptide in vitro inhibits ascospores germination of the fungal pathogen S. sclerotiorum or produces mycelial growth inhibition, depending on its concentration. The effective concentration of AP5 giving 50% growth inhibition (IC₅₀) against S. sclerotiorum was 0.4 μM. The antifungal efficacy of AP5 is higher than that of other antimicrobial proteins already described that have no appreciable effect on S. sclemtiorum below 4 μM. The relevance of this finding with regard to the function of AP5 in sunflower resistance to pathogens is discussed.     

Biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum attacking soybean plants. Degradation of the cell walls of this pathogen by Trichoderma harzianum (BAFC 742)

Two experiments of biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, one in the greenhouse and the other in the field, were carried out with soybean and Trichoderma harzianum as host and antagonist, respectively. Significant control of disease was achieved in both experiments, but there were no significant differences in plant growths. In the greenhouse, the application of T. harzianum as alginate capsules, increased the survival of soybean plants more than 100% with respect to the disease treatment. In the field, T. harzianum treated plants survived 40% more than those from the disease treatment, showing a similar survival level to control plants. Besides, a significant reduction (62.5%) in the number of germinated sclerotia was observed in the Trichoderma treated plot. Chitinase and 1,3-β- glucanase activities were detected when T. harzianum was grown in a medium containing Sclerotinia sclerotiorum cell walls as sole carbon source. In addition, electrophoretic profiles of proteins induced in T. harzianum showed quantitative differences between major bands obtained in the media induced by S. sclerotiorum cell walls and that containing glucose as a sole carbon source. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cloning of molecular markers for disease resistance in sunflower, Helianthus annuus L.

 A candidate-gene approach to analyse the resistance of plants to phytopathogenic fungi is presented. The resistance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii) shows a gene-for-gene interaction (monogenic resistance), whereas resistance to white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) is quantitative, with different levels of resistance for different plant parts. By homology cloning, probes were obtained homologous to some plant resistance genes (nucleotide binding site-like, NBS, genes and serine-threonine protein kinase-like, PK, genes). These clones were used as probes for linkage mapping of the corresponding genes. It was demonstrated that at least three NBS-like loci are located on linkage-group 1, in the region where downy mildew resistance loci have been described. Quantitative trait loci for S. sclerotiorum resistance to penetration or extension of the mycelium in different tissues were studied in three crosses. Major QTLs for resistance were found on linkage group 1, with up to 50% of the phenotypic variability explained by peaks at the map position of the PK locus, 25 cM from the downy mildew loci. Received: 24 September 1997 / Accepted: 21 October 1997     

Characterization of some culture factors affecting oxalate degradation by the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans

Aims:  To find possible approaches to utilize the mechanism of oxalate degradation by Coniothyrium minitans (Cm) in controlling the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss).
Methods and Results:  Differences in oxalate degradation by different Cm strains and effects of the initial oxalate concentration, ambient pH and nutrient factors on mycelial growth and oxalate degradation by Cm were studied in shaken cultures. Results showed that two wild-type Cm strains, Chy-1 and ZS-1, did not differ in oxalate degradation in modified potato dextrose broth (mPDB) amended with oxalic acid (OA). Cm could grow in mPDB amended with sodium oxalate (SO-mPDB) at pH 6·5 or with ammonium oxalate (AO-PDB) at pH 6·2, but oxalate degradation was very low; oxalate degradation was greatly enhanced in SO- or AO-mPDB with pH being lowered to 2·8–2·9. Similarly, oxalate degradation was higher than 90% in OA-amended mPDB at pH 4·4 but was reduced to be <22% at pH 7·0. Five carbon sources and three nitrogen sources investigated and nutrients from mycelia and sclerotia of Ss were favorable for the growth of Cm and OA degradation by Cm.
Conclusions:  Cm can degrade oxalate under acidic pH. Exudates from mycelia or sclerotia of Ss may serve as nutrients for Cm mycelial growth and degradation of oxalate secreted by Ss.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The finding of oxalate degradation laid a foundation for mining-related genes in Cm for engineering plant resistance against Ss. Elucidation of the importance of acidic pH and nutrients from Ss in oxalate degradation by Cm will help to understand the interaction between Cm and Ss.     

核盘菌arom基因的克隆及其在酿酒酵母中的表达

核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)arom基因已经被克隆、测序。该基因编码的AROM蛋白是芳香族氨基酸合成途径中催化第二步到第六步的五功能多肽。为了对扩增的核盘菌arom基因进行功能验证和探索大量获得AROM蛋白的成熟方法,克隆了arom基因的编码框序列,并将其与载体pYES2连接,构建了酵母表达载体pYES2-arom。用LiAc/SSDNA/PEG方法将该表达载体转入酿酒酵母H158(Saccharomyces cerevisiaeH158)中。酶活测定、RT-PCR和Northern杂交结果显示,核盘菌arom基因在酿酒酵母胞内获得了表达,转化子具有AROM蛋白结构域之一5-烯醇丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶的催化活性。不同培养时间取样样品的酶活检测结果表明,当转化子在30℃的条件下,在SC-U酵母尿嘧啶营养缺陷型选择培养基中以180r/min被振荡培养时,其外源AROM蛋白的5-烯醇丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶酶活在培养72h达到最高。     

Localisation of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase in gametophytes of Ceratopteris richardii (C-fern) grown in the presence of pathogenic fungi in a gnotobiotic system

The endogenous localisation of peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was detected when gametophytes of the fern, Ceratopteris richardii, were exposed to the plant pathogenic fungi Sclerotium rolfsii and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phytophthora infestans, an oomycete, in a gnotobiotic system. This was accomplished by light microscopy using 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine, guaiacol and H₂O₂ and starch potassium iodide (KI) staining procedures, which facilitated the observation of the reaction in vivo and in situ, without physically damaging the tissues. All three staining methods promoted staining at the rhizoid regions. Although most of the cells were destroyed when gametophytes were exposed to S. rolfsii and S. sclerotiorum, there was staining where mycelial growth was confluent with cell walls. A qualitative test confirmed that the colour change in starch KI agar medium, as well as in the histochemical test with starch KI, was because of H₂O₂ secreted by S. rolfsii or S. sclerotiorum and not because of oxalic acid. When gametophytes were exposed to P. infestans, no infection occurred, but localisation of H₂O₂ and peroxidase was detected irrespective of staining methods tested. Based on the observation on gametophytes grown in presence of P. infestans, it is possible that the peroxidase in plants coupled with H₂O₂ may prevent the invasion of nonpathogens by functioning as a barrier. This fern–pathogen model system has potential for application as a tool to study the host–parasite interaction in a gnotobiotic system.