退化红壤不同人工林恢复下土壤节肢动物群落特征

对退化红壤上恢复 1 0 a的 4种人工林 ,即小叶栎 ( Quercuschenii)、木荷 ( Schima superba)、马尾松 ( Pinusmassonina)与木荷 -马尾松的混交林土壤节肢动物群落进行了季节动态调查。结果表明 ,不同林地节肢动物群落的组成和数量发生了明显分异。节肢动物类群数在各季节一般都是小叶栎最高 ,混交林、木荷居中 ,马尾松最低。节肢动物的个体数总体上仍以小叶栎最高 ,但在夏季 ,马尾松林地由于弹尾目数量爆发而使总个体数最高。节肢动物群落存在明显的季节波动 ,一般春季节肢动物类群数和个体数量最高 ,夏季最低 ,夏季高温干旱对节肢动物有强烈的抑制作用 ,而冬季低温对节肢动物的影响不及夏季干热的影响严重。各季节林地节肢动物群落组成皆以螨类为主体 ,占总个体数的 6 0 .2 %～ 91 .7%。弹尾目占总个体数的比例季节变化较大 ,但均以马尾松林地为最高。捕食者数量 (蜈蚣和蜘蛛 )在各季节都是小叶栎显著高于其它林地 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,混交林与木荷比较接近 ,而马尾松最低。在群落多样性指数中 ,丰富度指数 d和密度 -类群指数DG表达的群落差异明显 ,其在不同林地的大小顺序与类群数趋势基本一致 ,而香农指数 H、均匀度指数 J群落之间基本无差异。聚类分析和鉴别分析将不同林地的节肢动物群落分成 4组 ,小叶     

基于智能体模型的青岛市林地生态格局评价与优化

设计并在GIS平台上开发了基于智能体的生态格局评价模型,以青岛市及周边地区林地为研究对象,分析不同林地空间格局及生态网络保护框架对于物种生存与扩散的影响.结果表明,与现状相比,不同等级的生态网络框架对物种种群数量与物种迁移都有明显提升,且等级越高的生态网络框架提升作用越明显.然而仅仅依靠生态网络框架不足以使研究区域林地系统形成功能上的相互连通,因此,在分析研究区域现状土地利用格局基础上,提出与湿地系统结合,在胶州湾周围及大沽河干流地区增加林地的空间布局.通过模型模拟分析,发现优化后的林地空间格局结合生态网络框架能有效提升林地之间的物种扩散.基于模拟结果,为研究区林地生态格局构建提出如下建议:(1)保证现有的规模较大的林地不被破坏;(2)青岛市中部湿地系统可以作为新增林地的理想区域;(3)生态网络框架可作为青岛市建立城市组团间生态间隔的空间参考.     

Alleviation of Both Water and Nutrient Limitations is Necessary to Accelerate Ecological Restoration of Waste Rock Tips

Hard rock quarries are commonly located close to national parks and special areas of conservation and are generally regarded as visually intrusive. Consequently, restoration strategies that effectively accelerate natural plant regeneration processes are required. Slate waste tips present extreme conditions for plant establishment with multiple potential limiting factors (e.g., lack of organic matter, nutrients, and poor water retention). In this study, we investigated ecological strategies to accelerate natural regeneration at the largest slate quarry in Europe. A field experiment was conducted to assess ecosystem restoration using a contrasting set of native woody species. Treatments included amendments of waste tips with: polyacrylamide gel to increase water‐holding capacity; mineral fertilizer to increase nutrient supply; and two treatments that increased both (organic waste or boulder clay addition). Ecosystem recovery was evaluated through above‐ and below‐ground productivity (plant and microbial, respectively) and soil analyses. Neither increasing nutrient supply (with mineral fertilizer) nor water‐holding capacity (with polyacrylamide gel) was sufficient, alone, to improve plant establishment. However, both boulder clay and organic waste amendment significantly enhanced plant growth. There was a marked positive interaction in the effects on tree growth of the amendment with organic waste and boulder clay. Large interactions occurred between tree species and substrate amendments. The growth of N₂‐fixing species was strongly favored over non‐fixers where there was no addition of material increasing soil nitrogen supply, whereas the growth advantage of pioneer species over non‐pioneers was greatest with fertilizer, organic waste, or clay additions. Organic waste addition had the greatest positive impact on soil processes.     

Floristic variation and willow carr development within a southwest England wetland

Abstract. Woodland colonization on wetlands is considered to have a detrimental effect on their ecological value, even though detailed analysis of this process is lacking. This paper provides an evaluation of the ecological changes resulting from succession of poor fen (base‐poor mire) to willow wet woodland on Goss Moor NNR in Cornwall, UK. Different ages of willow carr were associated with eight understorey communities. During willow colonization, in the ground flora, there was a progressive decrease in poor fen species and an associated increase in woodland species, which appeared to be related to an increase in canopy cover and therefore shade. The most diverse community was found to be the most recent willow and was dominated by poor fen species. The oldest willow was the second most diverse and was associated with a reduction in poor fen species and an increase in woodland species. Architectural features were used successfully to assess the general condition and structure of willow. Tree height and DBH were identified as useful parameters to accurately assess willow age in the field. The implications of active intervention to remove willow in order to conserve the full range of communities within the hydrosere are discussed.     

黄河下游农业景观中景观结构和生境特征对林表生蜘蛛多样性的影响

以捕食者来进行"自上而下"的生物防治是有效而经济的。蜘蛛作为农业景观中重要的捕食者,在不同的尺度上研究景观和环境要素对其多样性的影响是十分必要的。目前,有关黄河下游农业景观研究中,关于蜘蛛多样性的研究报道较少。针对黄河下游农业景观中林地生境的蜘蛛多样性展开研究,于2014年4月和7月采用陷阱法调查林地生境中蜘蛛种群的分布及其多样性,分析了对蜘蛛多样性影响最强烈的环境因子,以及不同蜘蛛种群对草本植被盖度的不同选择。结果发现:研究区林地生境内蜘蛛的优势种群为星豹蛛(Pardosa astrigena)、单带希托蛛(Hitobia unifascigera)、类水狼蛛(Pirata piratoides)和陕西近狂蛛(Drassyllus shaanxiensis)。不同尺度上的景观要素和环境要素(解释变量)对蜘蛛多样性的影响存在差异,且在不同的季节均为100 m尺度上的解释变量对蜘蛛多样性的影响最大。在100 m尺度上,不同的解释变量对蜘蛛多样性的影响也不同,春季林地中的植被盖度对其影响最大,路距和林地面积也有较为明显的影响,夏季林地中的植被高度和植被盖度对其影响最大,其余解释变量的影响则极小。不同的蜘蛛种群对草本植被盖度大小的偏好不同,多数蜘蛛偏好高的植被盖度,如星豹蛛和白纹舞蛛(Alopecosa albostriata)等,也有部分蜘蛛种群偏好中、低植被盖度,如赫氏花蟹蛛(Xysticus hedini Schenkel)、白斑猎蛛(Evarcha albaria)和皮雄红螯蛛(Araneae)。研究表明,黄河下游农业景观林地生境中,不同的景观要素和环境要素在不同尺度和不同季节上对蜘蛛多样性的影响具有显著的差异,草本植被对蜘蛛多样性的影响极为显著。因此在研究区内合理规划林地的建设,加强草本植被的保护,提高林地捕食者的数量,有助于生物防治工作的发展和生物多样性保护工作的进行。     

不同植被类型对土壤水蚀的影响

不同植被类型对土壤水蚀的影响因子是计算土壤水蚀速率以及选择适当土地利用方式的基本参数.本文以土壤侵蚀模型中的植被因子(C因子)为指标,研究不同植被类型对土壤水蚀的影响.根据6个水土保持试验项目33个小区共195个小区年的资料,计算了剌槐、柠条、沙棘、沙棘-杨树,沙棘-油松、沙打旺、红豆草、苜蓿和草木樨等9种林草植被因子值.林地植被因子介于0.004到0.164之间,以刺槐林的C值最低.草地植被因子介于0.071到0.377之间,以第一年的草木樨C值为最高.定量对比说明林草植被的水土保持效益明显优于农作物.本项研究结果可以用于定量比较不同植被类型覆盖下的土壤流失速率,对于北方农牧交错带退耕还林还草政策的实施具有参考价值.     

Habitat associations and communities of breeding birds in the highlands of south-west Jordan

Abstract

Habitat associations and communities of breeding birds were studied for the first time in a semi-arid region in the southern highlands of Jordan. Birds were censused and habitat variables estimated in different habitat types, ranging from steppe to open, Mediterranean-type woodland. The variation of abundance of several species was explained adequately with multiple regressions of up to five habitat variables. A distinct bird community was identified by using principal component analysis on the highland plateau (e.g. Short-toed Lark, Isabelline Wheatear), in steppe habitats modified by dry farming methods. The plateau was identified as a transition zone of Palaeoxeric/Turkestanian and Mediterranean faunal types. The remainding cluster included species of diverse origins (Palaearctic, Mediterranean, Saharo-Sindian, Afrotropical and others). It was subdivided into three bird assemblages with preferences for following habitat types: Mediterranean-type open woodlands (e.g. Syrian Serin), dwarf shrub formations of higher altitudes (e.g. Spectacled Warbler), dwarf shrub formations, including clearings and the edge of woodlands at lower altitudes (e.g. Scrub Warbler).     

Field experiments show contradictory short‐ and long‐term myrmecochorous plant impacts on seed‐dispersing ants

1. Some interactions previously described as mutualistic were revealed to be commensal or parasitic in subsequent investigations. Ant‐mediated seed dispersal has been described as a mutualism for more than a century; however, recent research suggests that it may be commensal or parasitic. Plants demonstrably benefit from ant‐mediated seed dispersal, although there is little evidence available to demonstrate that the interaction benefits long‐term ant fitness. 2. Field experiments were conducted in temperate North America focused on a key seed‐dispersing ant. All herbaceous plants were removed from a forest understorey for 13 years, and supplemented ant colonies with large elaiosome‐bearing seeds aiming to examine potential long‐ and short‐term myrmecochorous plant benefits for the ants. 3. If elaiosome‐bearing seeds benefit ants, suggesting a mutualistic relationship, it is expected that there would be greater worker and/or alate abundance and greater fat reserves (colony lipid content) with seed supplementation (short‐term) and in areas with high understorey herb abundance. 4. Short‐term seed supplementation of ant colonies did not result in an increase with respect to numbers or fat stores, although it did prompt the production of colony sexuals, which is a potential fitness benefit. In the long term, however, there was no positive effect on the ants and, instead, there were negative effects because the removal of elaiosome‐bearing plants corresponded with greater colony health. 5. The data obtained in the present study suggest that the ant–plant interaction ranged from occasionally beneficial to neutral to overall negative for the ant partner. Such results did not support considering the interaction as a mutualism. Collectively, the data suggest the need to reconsider the nature of the relationship between these ants and plants.     

Exclusion of livestock grazing and wood collection in dryland savannah: an effect on long‐term vegetation succession

Sahelian savannah faces increasing pressure from human activities, leading to its degradation. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of restoration of dryland savannah vegetation by the elimination of disturbance factors on the ecosystem. Is degraded dryland savannah vegetation able to be restored by means of natural succession? What is the timescale for its recovery? The study took place in the Bandia Reserve, 65 km south‐east of Dakar (Senegal), a unique site with two successional stages due to the elimination of uncontrolled exploitation. The vegetation structure of 15 years (15YRS) and 5 years (5YRS) after fencing was compared with vegetation exposed to continuous livestock grazing and wood collection outside the fenced area. Calculated by redundancy analysis, a significant effect of selected areas on the cover of all species was revealed and successional stage explained more than 45% of data variability. Perennial forbs, annual forbs and perennial grasses achieved the highest cover in 5YRS, woody species in 15YRS and annual grasses in the area outside of the fenced reserve. The dominant woody species Acacia seyal, A. ataxacantha, A. nilotica subsp. adstringens and Balanites aegyptiaca reconstituted the dense formation of Acacia bushland by means of natural succession in the 15YRS area.