Comparisons of food availability and group density of Japanese macaques in primary, naturally regenerated, and plantation forests

We compared food availability and group density of Japanese macaques in Yakushima, southern Japan, among primary forest and two habitats that had been disturbed by logging and had different regeneration histories. The study was conducted in an undisturbed national park, forest that was logged 7-18 years ago and later naturally regenerated, and forest that was logged 19-27 years ago and later planted with Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) trees. The plantation forest was primarily composed of large Cryptomeria japonica trees at low stand density, while the naturally regenerated forest was composed of many small trees. The total basal area and number of trees in the primary forest were comparable to those in the plantation forest. Annual fruit production was greatest in the naturally regenerated forest, intermediate in the primary forest, and negligible in the plantation forest. Herb availability was high in the naturally regenerated forest, but low in the primary and plantation forests. The group density of Japanese macaques was high in the naturally regenerated forest, intermediate in the primary forest, and low in the plantation forest. Since group size in the naturally regenerated forest was small, individual density was almost the same as in the primary forest. These results suggest that the effects of regeneration on macaques vary between the two habitats. The plantation forest consisted mostly of Cryptomeria japonica, which supplies only flowers as food in a limited season, and had a lower density of macaques. On the other hand, in the naturally regenerated forest, fruit production and herb availability were high (probably because of the enhanced light conditions after logging), and the density of macaques was as high as in the primary forest.     

黄土丘陵区沙棘人工林发育过程中物种多样性及种间关联变化

根据野外调查资料,分析了不同发育阶段沙棘人工群落物种多样性及种间关联的变化特征.结果表明,群落各层及总体物种多样性基本呈“S”形波动变化.在不同发育阶段的沙棘群落中,物种丰富度和多样性指数均呈现草本层＞灌木层的趋势.灌木层物种多样性指数在撂荒地中较低,随群落发育逐渐增加,灌木层物种均匀度指数在13年生的沙棘林中较高;草本层多样性指数在3年生的人工林中较高,在8年生的人工林中较低,在25年生的人工林中较高.人工沙棘林中种间关联正负绝对值基本呈抛物线形变化,13年生左右显著程度和联结强度较弱,群落内物种间物种替代速度缓慢,竞争较少,群落组成和结构相对稳定.在沙棘人工林的经营和管理上,应是13年生以前以保护为主,到25年生时进行适度择伐,抚育萌生幼苗,促进种群更新发育.     

南方红壤丘陵区油桐人工林土壤水分动态

利用时域反射仪(TDR)定位监测方法,研究了南方红壤丘陵区油桐人工林土壤水分动态规律.结果表明:不同月份间土壤蓄水量差异达极显著水平,研究时段内土壤水分动态变化可划分为土壤水分积累期、土壤水分消耗期和土壤水分稳定期3个时期;油桐人工林土壤水分垂直变化显著,且不同季节的变化规律各异;土壤蓄水量与大气相对湿度(RH)、大气温度(t)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、降雨量(R)等气象因子显著相关(P<0.05); 次降雨后,土壤水分损失率与干旱天数呈显著的双曲函数关系,土壤蓄水量与雨后干旱天数呈显著的线性负相关(P<0.05);在次降雨后的持续干旱条件下,土壤水分损失随着土层深度的增加逐渐趋于平缓.     

试论人工林下乡土树种定居限制问题

人工林的生态系统服务功能比天然林差,多数人工林林下难以有乡土树种入侵并定居,如何改造并促进这些人工林向天然林或次生林演替并提高生态效益,已成为制约区域林业可持续发展的关键问题.在阐述定居限制原理的基础上,本文从种类特性、限制发生时间、影响定居的内外因素等方面概括了森林更新或恢复中的定居限制问题,认为人工林林下乡土树种的定居限制主要由种子的可到达性及环境条件所决定.基于恢复生态学中有关森林恢复的理论,提出应对不同时空尺度上植物更新过程中的种子和幼苗存活的影响因素进行整合.     

落叶松人工林单木模型的研究

根据吉林省松江河林业局所实测的落叶松人工林(Larix olgensis)临时标准地66块、固定标准地18块以及8块团状枝解析样地资料,通过对林分中优势木生长及树冠结构与动态的分析,提出适于树木生长的Korf方程并用来构造林木的潜在生长函数。选择林分密度指数(SDI)作为反映林分中林木之间平均拥挤指标。在单木竞争指标的选择上,通过引进树冠因子,并在与传统的竞争指标相比较的基础上,淡化距离因子的作用,应用优势木相对树冠表面积构造了与距离无关的单木竞争指标,以此建立了落叶松人工林单木生长模型。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林与橡胶林土壤呼吸

季节雨林和橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)林是西双版纳热带森林生态系统中原始林和大面积种植人工林的两种代表类型。热带季节雨林层次结构复杂,多样性丰富,而橡胶林结构简单,乔木层只有橡胶树1种。应用碱吸收法,研究了这两种植被类型土壤呼吸速率、地下5 cm土壤温度、气温和土壤含水率的季节变化规律,以及土壤呼吸速率与地下5 cm土壤温度、气温和土壤含水率的关系。结果表明:1)季节雨林和橡胶林土壤呼吸速率、土壤温度、气温和土壤含水率都有明显的季节变化,而且两种林型的变化趋势基本一致;2)季节雨林和橡胶林土壤呼吸速率与地下5 cm土壤温度和气温之间具有显著的指数相关关系,显著水平达1%,与地下5 cm温度的相关性(r²分别为0.87和0.82)明显高于与气温的相关性(r²分别是0.80和0.72);3)季节雨林和橡胶林土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水率具有显著的线性相关(r²分别是0.73和0.63),显著水平达1%;4)橡胶林的土壤呼吸速率明显高于季节雨林,这与两种林型的结构有关;5)季节雨林和橡胶林土壤呼吸的Q₁₀分别为2.16和2.18,比文献报道的热带土壤的Q₁₀(1.96)稍高。     

不同茶园昆虫群落结构及动态

通过系统调查,测定了不同茶园昆虫群落结构特征.结果表明,福州茶区节肢动物有85种,其中害虫48种,天敌28种,其它9种.茶园昆虫群落特征参数随时间、茶园类型、茶树空间（部位）等不同而变化.每年以5-6月和9-10月昆虫群落丰富度（S）、样本数（N）、多样性指数（H）和优势度（D）最高.生物农药示范茶园S、H明显高于常规化学防治茶园的,同时,天敌种类及数量分别是化学防治茶园的1.28和2.50倍.     

Tree invasion in managed tropical forests facilitates endemic species

Aim To determine whether different abundances of introduced species of Cinchona (Rubiaceae) affect species composition and facilitate species richness in managed tropical forests, to test whether any facilitative effects on understorey species depend on forest type, and to investigate whether facilitative effects can be attributed to the ‘substitutive facilitation model’. Location Makawao Forest Reserve on Maui, Hawai’i, USA. Methods Cinchona species (Cinchona pubescens and Cinchona calisaya) were mapped within various forest types. In three forest types (ageing Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations, and near‐natural Acacia koa forests), we analysed environmental parameters (e.g. canopy cover, litter cover, pH value and soil depth) and the species composition of Cinchona‐invaded and non‐invaded plots; data were compared based on Cinchona cover and forest types. Habitat modelling for several endemic species and tree ferns was carried out to test whether Cinchona cover is an important variable for the probability of occurrence of these endemics. Results Cinchona species have naturalized mainly in Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations and Acacia koa forests and here add an additional shrub layer. In contrast to other studies, we revealed facilitative effects of Cinchona on native species within all forest types. Species richness is about 20% higher in invaded plots than in non‐invaded plots, and these show a nearly 50% higher proportion of endemic species, including tree ferns. The proportion of endemics even increases with increasing Cinchona cover. For several endemics, Cinchona is found to be an important variable for the probability of occurrence, and the removal of Cinchona cover as an explanatory variable lowers the model fit. In addition to Cinchona, variables delineating vegetation structure and light availability have a strong effect on the model fit. Main conclusions In the structurally simplified Hawaiian forests studied, Cinchona facilitated endemic species in accordance with the ‘substitutive facilitation model’. This contrasts with the results of an earlier study in the naturally treeless Galápagos highlands, which revealed a sharp decrease in the abundance of endemics under Cinchona canopy. These results illustrate that, through the same structural change (addition of a vegetation layer), an invasive species may exert divergent effects across different ecosystem types. The facilitation of endemic understorey species by invasive tree species in managed forests leads to a dilemma in conservation but also to new perspectives for ecosystem restoration.