Seagrass rehabilitation off metropolitan Adelaide: a case study of loss,action, failure and success

Heavy losses of 6200 ha of seagrass off the Adelaide metropolitan coast since 1949 have had substantial implications for beach management, fisheries and biodiversity. Here, we describe for managers some promising initial trials to develop a cost‐effective method to rehabilitate some of these lost seagrasses.     

Effects of wind erosion and sand burial on water relations and photosynthesis in Alhagi sparsifolia in the southern edge of the Taklimakan Desert

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘风沙活动十分频繁, 风蚀和沙埋是该地区自然植被生长发育的重要影响因子。该文以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带为研究区, 以该区域主要建群种植物骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)为研究对象, 对一次强沙尘天气过后沙丘表面5种不同风蚀沙埋状况的骆驼刺植物进行标定(包括10 cm风蚀、5 cm风蚀、不蚀不积、10 cm沙埋、30 cm沙埋), 天晴后测定其叶水势、叶片含水量、光合参数和叶绿素荧光等参数, 分析研究自然环境条件下风蚀和沙埋对骆驼刺水分和光合作用的影响。结果表明: (1)风蚀显著降低了骆驼刺叶水势和叶片含水量, 进而导致植物气孔导度降低, 并引起植物光合速率和蒸腾速率的下降。风蚀的植物水分利用效率低于沙埋, 特别是在10 cm风蚀深度明显降低。 (2)沙埋增加了骆驼刺的叶水势、叶片含水量和气孔导度, 并引起植物光合速率和蒸腾速率的上升, 水分利用效率也得到提升。(3)风蚀条件下骆驼刺所受胁迫增加, 但可以通过增加活性反应中心的数量和光化学效率来抵消胁迫造成的不利影响。沙埋条件下骆驼刺受胁迫减轻, 反应中心吸收的光能和用于光化学反应的能量随着沙埋程度增加而减小, 这是骆驼刺适应风沙环境的一种生存策略。(4)与5 cm风蚀以及10 cm沙埋相比, 10 cm风蚀显著抑制骆驼刺的生长, 30 cm沙埋则会显著促进骆驼刺的生长。     

Recovery of Foredune and Blowout Habitats in a Freshwater Dune Following Removal of Invasive Austrian Pine (Pinus nigra)

Invasive species removal is an important first step toward restoring invaded ecosystems; however, restoration following removal may be hindered by (1) unintended consequences of management, such as habitat destabilization, and/or (2) legacy effects of the invader, such as persistent alterations of soil structure or plant community composition. During 1956–1972, approximately 26,000 individuals of the non‐native pine, Pinus nigra, were planted into multiple freshwater sand dune habitats as a stabilization measure on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan in Allegan County, MI, U.S.A. From 2004 to 2010, we evaluated the recovery of foredune and blowout habitats following P. nigra removal in 2003–2005. We compared sand movement and plant community structure, composition, and richness between removal and control sites over the 6 years following pine removal. In addition, we evaluated the impact of litter removal on recolonization of native graminoids in foredunes. Sand movement patterns never differed between removal and control sites in foredunes; however, accumulation was more common in removal sites in blowouts 1 and 6 years following pine removal. Vegetation cover in removal sites became indistinguishable from control sites in both foredunes and blowouts, but species richness for both forb and woody species was higher in removal sites in blowouts. Removal sites in both foredunes and blowouts had higher cover by forbs and lower cover by graminoids. Pine litter did not inhibit recolonization of foredunes by native graminoids. These results suggest that high disturbance habitats, such as sand dunes, have the potential to recover from invasion if the mechanism of disturbance is restored and pioneer species are present to recolonize the system.     

五节芒定居对尾矿砂重金属形态、微生物群落功能及多样性的影响

选择尾矿砂裸地和4个五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)定居地(RI、RII、RIII和RIV)为样地, 分别研究了五节芒定居对尾矿砂重金属形态转化和微生物功能参数的影响。结果表明: 五节芒自然定居显著地提高了尾矿砂碳酸盐结合态和硫化物-有机物结合态重金属比例(p＜0.05), 降低了尾矿砂残渣态重金属的比例(p＜0.05)。土壤微生物群落的纤维素分解作用、酚转化作用、固氮作用、氨化作用、硝化作用、有机磷转化作用、功能多样性、4类不同碳源(碳水化合(CH)、聚合物(PL)、胺类化合物(AM)和杂合物(ML))均随着五节芒自然定居显著提高(p＜0.05)。而氨基酸(AA)的利用强度却显著下降(p＜0.05)。典范相关分析(CCA)表明: 土壤微生物功能参数的总体变化与土壤碳酸盐结合态和硫化物-有机物结合态重金属的含量呈显著正相关, 与残渣态重金属含量呈显著负相关。该研究结果表明, 五节芒定居不仅促进了尾矿砂重金属朝着沉淀态和螯合态方面转化, 而且还显著地改善了尾矿砂微生物群落的功能发挥。因而, 五节芒在重金属矿业废弃地恢复实践中具有较大的应用潜力。     

不同改良剂对珊瑚砂理化性质和氮素固持的影响

高碱环境和土壤养分的匮乏严重限制了我国热带珊瑚岛土壤环境下植物的生长适应能力,因此,珊瑚砂改良对促进珊瑚岛植被恢复,维持珊瑚岛生态环境可持续健康发展具有重要意义。该研究通过室内土柱模拟试验,对比了同一梯度下4种常用土壤改良材料(蛭石、珍珠岩、生物炭和钙基膨润土)对珊瑚砂理化性质、氮素淋溶以及总氮含量的影响。结果表明,与对照(CK)相比,施用生物炭使珊瑚砂pH显著降低1.4%,钙基膨润土、生物炭和蛭石能够显著提高珊瑚砂的阳离子交换量至CK的24.21、10.43和9.43倍。同时,施用生物炭、钙基膨润土和蛭石并不能降低以硝态氮形式为主的氮素淋失,但是能显著减少其他途径的氮素损失,从而达到促进珊瑚砂氮素固持的效果,3种改良剂施用下的珊瑚砂总氮损失相较于CK分别降低了40.92%、27.32%和25.09%。因此,施用生物炭、钙基膨润土和蛭石均能有效提高珊瑚砂土壤质量,对改良珊瑚砂和热带珊瑚岛植被恢复具有重要意义,其中生物炭的改良效果最为显著,是改良珊瑚砂的理想材料。     

浑善达克沙地种子植物区系分析

对地处内蒙古中部农牧交错地带的浑善达克沙地种子植物科的组成特征和区系地理成分进行了分析,并与内蒙古植物区系进行比较.结果表明,浑善达克沙地种子植物种类相对丰富,共有种子植物1191种,隶属于402属84科.植物区系地理成分多样,而且以温带成分为主,在诸多温带成分中北温带分布型的种数占有较高的百分比,菊科和禾本科在本区系中所占的比例最大,该区系植物属种趋向于分布大科的特点,这反映出浑善达克沙地植物的分布与本地区的气候带相适应,地带性植被具有温带草原与荒漠的特征;该区种子植物的优势科也分属于各类成分,具有集中分布于大科的特点,大部分为世界广布成分;植物区系成分起源古老,区系地理成分复杂且具有过渡性;同时该植物区系具有明显的脆弱性.     

毛乌素沙地沙丘土壤含水量特点——兼论老固定沙地上油蒿衰退原因

土壤表面干沙层在冬春少雨季节较厚,流动沙地的又明显地大于固和地的。流动沙地地表干沙层以下的土壤含水量一般在于同深化度固定沙地的,特别是在报系密集分布的土层。科季或早春土壤含水量比较低,雨季的明显较高,雨季结束后,土层中的水分在重力的作用下会向深层运动,导致根系层土壤含水量下降。在植物生长季,缺少降雨时,因少地的土土壤水量会因植物的蒸腾消耗而变得很低（１％～２％）,而流动沙地的不受或受此影响很小。地     

基于RS与GIS的海南西部土地沙化/土地退化动态趋势研究

遥感和地理信息系统技术的发展为研究沙化／土地退化动态趋势变化提供了有效手段,以１９８７年和１９９８年的ＴＭ遥感资料为信息源,综合ＧＩＳ参与监督分类及目视读的方法,以ＧＩＳ为工具提取土地沙化／土地退化动态信息。结果表明海南省西部研究区土地沙化面积在减少,严重沙化区已基本得到整治,但由于对部分地区生态环境的保护不力,使得这些地区继续沙化同;同时,该研究区土地 化区明显的向着逆转的方向发展,但季雨林面积     

沙埋对半灌木羊柴幼苗的存活、生长和生物量分配的影响

羊柴(Hedysarum laeve Maxim.)是中国北方沙地飞播进行植被恢复与重建的主要植物种.在晚春与夏初的出苗期 ,羊柴幼苗经常遭受不同深度的沙埋.研究旨在探明沙埋对羊柴幼苗存活、生长和生物量分配格局的影响.6周的沙埋试验结果显示:当沙埋深度达到其株高时,约有70%的幼苗死亡 ;沙埋深度达到其株高的133%时,可使羊柴幼苗全部死亡;沙埋深度分别为株高的33%和67% 时,羊柴幼苗的整株生物量、叶片生物量、根系生物量以及相对生长率都相应地高于非沙埋的对照(即:0%沙埋).与非沙埋的对照相比,羊柴幼苗在33%和67%沙埋条件下并不显著地改变其生物量分配格局;并且羊柴幼苗的叶数和株高与对照无明显差异,但试验期内的新生叶数是沙埋处理(即:33%、67%和100%沙埋)的幼苗明显地高于非沙埋的对照.     

Tidal asymmetry in creeks surrounded by saltflats and mangroves with small swamp slopes

Most mangrove swamp/salt flat systems have tidal currents that are ebb dominated, however, some systems show only slight ebb dominance despite having a very large swamp volume relative to the creek volume. Cocoa Ck in northern Australia is such a system. Results are presented from a simple analytical model for flow in Cocoa creek together with detailed water level observations in the swamps. It was found that the primary factor reducing the ebb dominance of this system was the very low slope of the swamp surface. During rising tides, water floods as sheet flow; however, on ebb tides, the surface water slope in the swamp becomes greater than the swamp surface slope, with the result that areas of swamp closest to the main feeder creek (Cocoa Ck) dry before areas furthest from the creek. Thus, about an hour after ebb tide commences, there is a large quantity of water perched on the salt flats/mangroves, tens of centimetres higher than the water in the creek. This water cannot leave the swamp via sheet flow, but must leave through a very small and shallow creek which is also highly constricted by vegetation. This effectively increases the friction on ebb tides and results in a delay in water leaving the swamps and salt flats, reducing any tendency towards ebb dominance.