Photosynthesis in aquatic adventitious roots of the halophytic stem-succulent Tecticornia pergranulata (formerly Halosarcia pergranulata)

In flood-tolerant species, a common response to inundation is growth of adventitious roots into the water column. The capacity for these roots to become photosynthetically active has received scant attention. The experiments presented here show the aquatic adventitious roots of the flood-tolerant, halophytic stem-succulent, Tecticornia pergranulata (subfamily Salicornioideae, Chenopodiaceae) are photosynthetic and quantify for the first time the photosynthetic capacity of aquatic roots for a terrestrial species. Fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the presence of chloroplasts within cells of aquatic roots. Net O₂ production by excised aquatic roots, when underwater, was measured with varying light and CO₂ regimes; the apparent maximum capacity ( P _max) for underwater net photosynthesis in aquatic roots was 0.45  µ mol O₂ m⁻² s⁻¹. The photosynthetic potential of these roots was supported by the immunolocalization of PsbA, the major protein of photosystem II, and ribulose-1-5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in root protein extracts. Chlorophyllous aquatic roots of T. pergranulata are photosynthetically active, and such activity is a previously unrecognized source of O₂, and potentially carbohydrates, in flooded and submerged plants.     

小麦耐盐种质的筛选鉴定和耐盐基因的标记

通过对 40 0份材料的芽期、苗期鉴定 ,筛选出 11份耐盐性较强的普通小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)、小麦和黑麦 (SecalecerealeL .)、小麦和延安赖草 (Leymuschinensis (Trin .)Tzvel.)杂交后代材料 ,其中耐盐性突出的材料有 :普通小麦品种“红蚂蚱”、“科遗 2 6”、“希望”(Hope) ;小麦与黑麦杂交后代材料 98_46、98_113、98_131;小麦与延安赖草杂交后代材料 98_16 0、98_16 1、98_16 3。耐盐性表现最突出的材料是 98_113和 98_16 0。细胞学鉴定和原位杂交及醇溶蛋白酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (A_PAGE)分析和低分子量谷蛋白SDS_PAGE分析 ,证明 98_113是稳定的小麦 黑麦二体附加系 ,但具体附加的是黑麦的哪条染色体还不清楚 ;98_131是小麦 黑麦 1B/ 1R易位系。结合其他 1B/ 1R材料的耐盐表现 ,提出了黑麦 1R染色体短臂上存在耐盐基因的可能性。对 (98_16 0×BanacakaMska)F2 代分离群体苗期抗盐鉴定分析 ,表明在这一杂交组合中的耐盐性状可能由一个主效基因控制。应用SSR标记技术 ,筛选到了与 98_16 0耐盐性状连锁的SSR标记WMS6 7和WMS2 13,它们与耐盐基因的遗传距离分别为 13.9cM (centMorgan)和 31.0cM。结合小麦SSR图谱分析 ,将该主效抗性基因定位在 5BL上。     

Photosynthetic activity and proteomic analysis highlights the utilization of atmospheric CO2 by Ulva prolifera (Chlorophyta) for rapid growth

Free‐floating Ulva prolifera is one of the causative species of green tides. When green tides occur, massive mats of floating U. prolifera thalli accumulate rapidly in surface waters with daily growth rates as high as 56%. The upper thalli of the mats experience environmental changes such as the change in carbon source, high salinity, and desiccation. In this study, the photosynthetic performances of PSI and PSII in U. prolifera thalli exposed to different atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels were measured. Changes in photosynthesis within salinity treatments and dehydration under different CO₂ concentrations were also analyzed. The results showed that PSII activity was enhanced as CO₂ increased, suggesting that CO₂ assimilation was enhanced and U. prolifera thalli can utilize CO₂ in the atmosphere directly, even when under moderate stress. In addition, changes in the proteome of U. prolifera in response to salt stress were investigated. Stress‐tolerance proteins appeared to have an important role in the response to salinity stress, whereas the abundance of proteins related to metabolism showed no significant change under low salinity treatments. These findings may be one of the main reasons for the extremely high growth rate of free‐floating U. prolifera when green tides occur.     

Effects of groundwater salinity on the characteristics of leaf photosynthesis and stem sap flow in Tamarix chinensis

AimsThe objective of this study was to investigate the change pattern of leaves photosynthesis and stem sap flow of Tamarix chinensisin under different groundwater salinity, which can be served as a theoretical basis and technical reference for cultivation and management of T. chinensis in shallow groundwater table around Yellow River Delta.MethodsThree-year-old T. chinensis, one of the dominated species in Yellow River Delta, was selected. Plants were treated by four different salinity concentrations of groundwater—fresh water (0 g∙L^-1), brackish water (3.0 g∙L^-1), saline water (8.0 g∙L^-1), and salt water (20.0 g∙L^-1) under 1.2 m groundwater level. Light response of photosynthesis and the diurnal courses of leaf transpiration rate, stem sap flux velocity and environment factors under different groundwater salinity were determined via LI-6400XT portable photosynthesis system and a Dynamax packaged stem sap flow gauge based on stem-heat balance method, respectively.Important findings The result showed that groundwater salinity had a significant impact on photosynthesis efficiency and water consumption capacity of T. chinensis by influencing the soil salt. The net photosynthetic rate (P_n), maximum P_n, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, apparent quantum yield and dark respiration rate increased first and then decreased with increasing groundwater salinity, while the water use efficiency (WUE) continuously decreased. The mean P_n under fresh water, brackish water and salt water decreased by 44.1%, 15.1% and 62.6%, respectively, compared with that under saline water (25.90 µmol∙m^-2∙s^-1). The mean WUE under brackish water, saline water and salt water decreased by 25.0%, 29.2% and 41.7%, respectively, compared with that under fresh water (2.40 µmol∙mmol^-1). With the increase of groundwater salinity from brackish water to salt water, light saturation point of T. chinensisdecreased while the light compensation point increased, which lead to the decrease of light ecological amplitude and light use efficiency. Fresh water and brackish water treatment helped T. chinensis to use low or high level light, which could significantly improve the utilization rate of light energy. The decrease in P_n of T. chinensis was mainly due to non-stomatal limitation under treatment from saline water to fresh water, while the decrease in P_n of T. chinensis was due to stomatal limitation from saline water to salt water. With increasing groundwater salinity, stem sap flux velocity of T. chinensis increased firstly and then decreased, reached the maximum value under saline water. The mean stem sap flux velocity under fresh water, brackish water and salt water decreased by 61.8%, 13.1% and 41.9%, respectively, compared with that under saline water (16.96 g·h^-1). Tamarix chinensis had higher photosynthetic productivity under saline water treatment, and could attained high WUE under severe water deprivation by transpiration, which was suitable for the growth of T. chinensis.     

辽宁碱蓬SlCMO基因盐胁迫表达分析及盐诱导启动子鉴定

胆碱单加氧酶（choline monooxygenase, CMO）是合成甜菜碱的关键酶,甜菜碱在植物抵抗渗透胁迫中起着重要的作用。本研究室前期克隆了盐生植物辽宁碱蓬CMO（Suaeda liaotungensis CMO）基因及启动子。本研究对SlCMO基因在盐胁迫下的表达及盐诱导启动子进行分析。qRT-PCR分析SlCMO基因在辽宁碱蓬不同器官及盐胁迫下的表达,结果表明,SlCMO基因在根、茎、叶中均有表达,其中茎、叶中的表达量较高,SlCMO基因在根、茎、叶中的表达均受盐胁迫诱导。5′端缺失分析SlCMO启动子的盐诱导区段,结果表明,pC5（-267~+128 bp）是SlCMO启动子的盐诱导功能区段,推测pC5调控SlCMO 基因的盐诱导表达。本研究为SlCMO 基因表达调控研究奠定基础,也为植物抗盐基因工程提供可用的启动子。     

四倍体刺槐的抗盐性

 以四倍体刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)为主要试验材料,以二倍体刺槐为对照材料,在两种盐胁迫下,对苗木的形态、生理生化、光合特性和解剖结构等指标的变化规律进行了研究。利用NaCl和Na₂SO₄盐溶液对两种刺槐进行盐处理,在30 d后每7 d处理1次,共处理4次,并在处理前和处理后每7 d进行各项指标的测定。结果发现：1)在盐胁迫下二倍体刺槐的植株生长受到强烈抑制,叶片含水量和叶绿素含量显著低于对照,有明显的盐害症状;对四倍体刺槐植株的生长影响较小,叶片含水量和叶绿素含量也与对照差异不显著,无盐害症状。2)四倍体刺槐经过盐处理后相对电导率和脯氨酸(Proline, Pro)含量虽然也稍有上升,但与对照相比未达到显著水平,而二倍体刺槐显著高于对照;同时作为保护酶系统的过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)在四倍体刺槐经盐胁迫后期也保持了较高的活性,从而提高了其抗盐性,而对盐敏感的二倍体刺槐3个保护酶活性均较低。 3)经盐胁迫后对四倍体刺槐光合特性影响不大,净光合速率（Net photosynthetic rate, P_n）和胞间CO₂浓度（Intercellular CO₂ concentration, C_i）均无显著变化,而二倍体刺槐P_n和C_i显著下降。4)经盐胁迫后四倍体刺槐在解剖结构上做出了积极的反应：叶肉栅栏组织拉长、排列更为紧密、 海绵组织变小、排列紧密。而二倍体刺槐出现了相反的现象。综合以上分析认为：四倍体刺槐具有较强的抗盐性。     

Kinetic model of the inhibition of respiration by endogenous nitric oxide in intact cells

Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits mitochondrial respiration by decreasing the apparent affinity of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) for oxygen. Using iNOS-transfected HEK 293 cells to achieve regulated intracellular NO production, we determined NO and O₂ concentrations and mitochondrial O₂ consumption by high-resolution respirometry over a range of O₂ concentrations down to nanomolar. Inhibition of respiration by NO was reversible, and complete NO removal recovered cell respiration above its routine reference values. Respiration was observed even at high NO concentrations, and the dependence of IC₅₀ on [O₂] exhibits a characteristic but puzzling parabolic shape; both these features imply that CcO is protected from complete inactivation by NO and are likely to be physiologically relevant. We present a kinetic model of CcO inhibition by NO that efficiently predicts experimentally determined respiration at physiological O₂ and NO concentrations and under hypoxia, and accurately predicts the respiratory responses under hyperoxia. The model invokes competitive and uncompetitive inhibition by binding of NO to the reduced and oxidized forms of CcO, respectively, and suggests that dissociation of NO from reduced CcO may involve its O₂-dependent oxidation. It also explains the non-linear dependence of IC₅₀ on O₂ concentration, and the hyperbolic increase of c₅₀ as a function of NO concentration.     

榄仁树的生态分布与耐盐性研究

调查了榄仁树(Terminalia catappa)在海南岛沿海地区的分布情况,并就基质盐度对温室中人工培育的榄仁幼苗的影响进行研究。结果表明,榄仁具有较强的耐盐能力,在盐度高达17.09‰条件下仍可正常生长,温室里幼苗可在10‰左右的盐度下存活。结果还表明,10‰盐度能增加幼苗叶片叶绿素含量,20‰~30‰则下降;盐胁迫下叶片光合速率呈下降趋势,而叶片可溶性糖含量则随盐度增加呈上升趋势。