Study of Thermal Decomposition of Li1‐x(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)0.9O2 Using In‐Situ High‐Energy X‐Ray Diffraction

Safety has been a major technological concern hindering the deployment of lithium‐ion batteries for automobile applications. We investigated the decomposition mechanism of delithiated cathode materials at thermal abuse conditions using Li_1.1[Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3]_0.9O₂ as a model cathode material. An in‐situ high‐energy X‐ray diffraction technique was established as an alternative to conventional thermal analysis techniques like differential scanning calorimetry and accelerating rate calorimetry. The X‐ray diffraction data revealed that the thermal decomposition pathway of delithiated Li_1‐x[Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3]_0.9O₂ strongly depended on the exposed chemical environment, like solvents and lithium salts. A phase transformation of dry delithiated Li_1‐x[Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3]_0.9O₂ was observed at about 278 °C, and its onset temperature was reduced to about 197°C with the presence of the electrolyte. It is suggested that the reduction in thermal stability is possibly related to proton intercalation into the delithiated material.     

A poor imitation of a natural process

Reprogramming somatic cells into a pluripotent state is expected to initiate a new era in medicine. Because the precise underlying mechanism of reprogramming remains unclear, many efforts have been made to optimize induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) engineering. However, satisfactory results have not yet been attained. In this review, we focus on recent roadblocks in iPSC reprogramming engineering, such as the inefficiency of the process, tumorigenicity and heterogeneity of the generation. We conclude that cell reprogramming is a naturally occurring phenomenon rather than a biological technique. We will only be able to mimic the natural process of reprogramming when we fully understand its underlying mechanism. Finally, we highlight the alternative method of direct conversion, which avoids the use of iPSCs to generate cell materials for patient-specific cell therapy.     

Design,synthesis, in vitro inhibition and toxicological evaluation of human carbonic anhydrases I,II and IX inhibitors in 5-nitroimidazole series

Abstract

With the aim to obtain novel compounds possessing both strong affinity against human carbonic anhydrases and low toxicity, we synthesised novel thiourea and sulphonamide derivatives 3, 4 and 10, and studied their in vitro inhibitory properties against human CA I, CA II and CA IX. We also evaluated the toxicity of these compounds using zebrafish larvae. Among the three compounds, derivative 4 showed efficient inhibition against hCA II (KI = 58.6?nM). Compound 10 showed moderate inhibition against hCA II (KI = 199.2?nM) and hCA IX (KI = 147.3?nM), whereas it inhibited hCA I less weakly at micromolar concentrations (KI = 6428.4?nM). All other inhibition constants for these compounds were in the submicromolar range. The toxicity evaluation studies showed no adverse effects on the zebrafish larvae. Our study suggests that these compounds are suitable for further preclinical characterisation as potential inhibitors of hCA I, II and IX.     

8-Diazoguanosine, 2,8-Diaminoadenosine and Other Purine Nucleosides Derived from Guanosine

Abstract

Diazotization of 8-aminoguanosine gave 8-diazoguanosine (2) which is stable in neutral and basic media, but decomposes to D-ribose and 8-diazoguanine in acidic conditions. 2-Amino-6,8-dichloro-9-(2,3,5-tri-0-acetyl-β-D-ribo-furanosyl)purine (5) was employed to synthesize 9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2,6,8-triaminopurine (8) and a number of N6-alkyl-2-amino-8-chloro-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurines.     

聚乙二醇重组人粒细胞刺激因子Ib期临床NSCLC人体试验的安全性研究

目的:考察非小细胞肺癌患者化疗后对HHPG-19K的耐受性及该药物的安全性.方法:随机将招募受试者30例平均分成设五个试验组:HHPG-19K 3个剂量组(60 μg/Kg、100 μg/Kg、200 μg/Kg)、阳性对照组(惠尔血,即G-CSF 5 μg/Kg/天)和阴性对照组,对比5组的安全性观察指标.结果:3个剂量组均出现不良事件,占总人数的100％;另外,实验室检查值的异常主要有ALP、ALT及AST升高等.不良事件的类型和严重程度均为轻中度,与阳性对照组无差异(P＜0.05).而阴性对照组发生不良事件为13％,少于剂量组与阳性对照组(P＜0.05).结论:试验用药物HHPG-19K在非小细胞肺癌化疗患者中具有较好的耐受性,且不产生耐药性抗体,其中100 μg/kg安全性更好.     

病人安全管理信息系统理论设计

由于病人安全风险因素的复杂性,人工管理不但任务繁钜而且对可能发生的医疗不良事件也难以做到及时的预警与防控。借助信息技术来提升病人安全管理绩效,是改善病人安全状况的创新性探索。本研究立足于我国病人安全管理的现实需要,通过运用数学建模技术,从三个维度、两个预警点,对医院病人安全信息进行全面、动态的收集、分析与评估,并在此基础上,实现对病人安全状况的实时监测与预警,达到降低医疗风险、减少不良事件,最大限度保障病人安全的目标。     

Does the Production of an Airbag Injure more People than the Airbag Saves in Traffic?

Social life cycle assessment (S‐LCA) has been discussed for some years in the LCA community. We raise two points of criticism against current S‐LCA approaches. First, the development of S‐LCA methodology has not, to date, been based on experience with actual case studies. Second, for social impacts to be meaningfully assessed in a life cycle perspective, social indicators need to be unambiguously interpreted in all social contexts along the life cycle. We here discuss an empirically based approach to S‐LCA, illustrated by a case study of an automobile airbag system. The aim of the case study is to compare the injuries and lives lost during the product life cycle of the airbag system (excluding waste handling impacts) with the injuries prevented and lives saved during its use. The indicator used for assessing social impacts in this study is disability‐adjusted life years (DALY). The results from this study indicate that the purpose of an airbag system, which is to save lives and prevent injuries, is justified also in a life cycle perspective.     

Pseudofactorialism,response structures and collective responsibility

Pseudofactorialism is defined as ‘the invalid statistical analysis that results from the misidentification of two or more response variables as representing different levels of an experimental variable or treatment factor. Most often the invalid analysis consists of use of an (n + 1)‐way anova in a situation where two or more n‐way anova s would be the appropriate approach’. I and my students examined a total of 1362 papers published from the 1960s to 2009 reporting manipulative experiments, primarily in the field of ecology. The error was present in 7% of these, including 9% of 80 experimental papers examined in 2009 issues of Ecology and the Journal of Animal Ecology. Key features of 60 cases of pseudofactorialism are tabulated as a basis for discussion of the varied ways and circumstances in which the error can occur. As co‐authors, colleagues, editors and anonymous referees and editors who approved them for publication, a total of 459 persons other than the senior authors shared responsibility for these 60 papers. Pseudofactorialism may sometimes be motivated by a desire to test whether different response variables respond in the same way to treatment factors. Proper procedures for doing that are briefly reviewed. A major cause of pseudofactorialism is the widespread failure in statistics texts, primary literature and documentation for statistics software packages to distinguish the three major components of experimental design – treatment structure, design structure, response structure – and clearly define key terms such as experimental unit, evaluation unit, split unit, factorial and repeated measures. A quick way to check for the possible presence of the pseudofactorialism is to determine whether the number of valid experimental units in a study is smaller than (i) the error degrees of freedom in a multi‐way anova ; or (ii) the total number of tallies (N) in a multi‐way contingency table. Such situations also can indicate the commission of pseudoreplication, however.