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81.
Apple embryos were treated by cold (0°C) within the fruits, to break their dormancy; the controls were treated at 12°C or at 20°C. Ultrastructural features of meristematic cells in the embryonic axis were compared for each treatment. The organization of the cells of dormant embryos was described: Endoplasmic reticulum consisted in some short rough cisternae; lipid droplets regularly arranged near the plasmalemma constituted a kind of shell; mitochondria had a few cristae; and dictyosomes were rarely observed. All these features are typical of dry seeds. After cold treatments, the only evolution observed was in the endoplasmic reticulum, where highly organized stacks appeared progressively as a function of time at 0°C. An intermediate temperature (12°C) induced similar formations in the reticulum but they were rarely observed and their degree of organization was lower than that obtained at 0°C. At 20°C, endoplasmic reticulum resembled that of the dormant embryo cells. The relation between the appearance of these structures in the reticulum and the disappearance of dormancy induced by cold is discussed.Abbreviations ER
endoplasmic reticulum
- RER
rough endoplasmic reticulum 相似文献
82.
Summary Embryogenic pollen were selectively isolated from buds after cold treatment at 10 °C for 10 days; it was immaterial whether the buds were taken from short day and low temperature (SD and LT; 8 hours light, 18 °C) or long day and high temperature (LD and HT; 16 hours light, 24 °C) plants. However, in buds from SD and LT plants the differentiation of embryogenic pollen could be detected as early as 7 days after the cold treatment, and pollen from these plants formed embryos at higher frequency (up to 4% of cultured pollen) than those from LD and HT plants (up to 1% only).The embryogenic pollen, in isolated buds, differentiated by way of pollen dimorphism. During cold treatment a fraction of pollen remained small, retained clear cytoplasm and was capable of embryogenesis in comparison to gametophytic pollen which enlarged and acquired granular cytoplasm. In our experiments cold treatment was a key factor in the induction of pollen dimorphism. This aspect of cold treatment in pollen embryogenesis is reported for the first time and was possible on the basis of selection of embryogenic pollen by density gradient centrifugation. The ratio of embryogenic pollen was about one fifth of the total population.The nutritional requirements of isolated pollen for embryogenesis were rather simple. These pollen formed embryos which readily developed into plantlets on a mineral medium supplemented with sucrose provided the pH was 6.8. 相似文献
83.
Mildred S. Seelig 《Biological trace element research》1979,1(4):273-297
Except for a few experimental models of magnesium (Mg)-deficiency-induced neoplasms, less attention has been paid in the past
quarter century in the Western world to this macromineral than to the trace elements; e.g., selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn), and
to vitamins, deficiencies of which are each considered probable factors in oncogenesis. Although early epidemiologic studies
showed an inverse correlation between the amount of Mg in soil and water and the incidence of (gastric) cancer, and several
animal studies supported the premise that Mg has a prophylactic effect against induction of cancer, other studies showed that
Mg supplementation increased the growth of established experimental tumors. Thus, enthusiasm for this approach subsided. The
early epidemiologic findings have since been confirmed, and there have been studies demonstrating the importance of Mg in
maintaining immunocompetence, and others indicating that immunodeficiencies increase susceptibility to the development of
cancer. Evidence has now accrued that indicates that Mg deficiency increases susceptibility to chemical oncogens. The abnormal
metabolism of tryptophan (yielding a carcinogenic metabolite) that indicates functional or absolute pyridoxine deficiency
is an indirect clue to Mg deficiency. Vitamin B6-activated enzymes require Mg as a cofactor. However, the early warnings against the use of Mg as part of an antineoplastic
program against established cancer were justified, since rapidly metabolizing cells (such as cancers) are dependent on Mg.
There are similarities between experiences with Mg and with Se and Zn. All three are required for normal metabolism; Se also
protects against free radicals in the environment. Mg and Zn have increased established tumor growth, and their depletion
has been applied to antineoplastic programs, with risks comparable to those of using antimetabolic agents. 相似文献
84.
Sheep erythrocytes (E) which, with or without certain treatments, are currently used as “immunological reagents” to detect
cells with specific receptors (by rosette-formation) have been partitioned in two-polymer aqueousphase systems selected so
as to reflect charge-associatedor lipid-related membrane surface properties. We have found that the partitioning behavior of E is not affected in these phases
by reacting the cells with anti-E antibody (either IgG or IgM), forming EA. The additional binding of complement to the cell-antibody
complex, forming EAC, results, however, in a marked decrease in the partition coefficient,K. Apparently both the charge-associated and hydrophobic properties reflected by partitioning remain accessible to the phase
polymers when the cells are coated with antibody, but are not with the addition of complement. It is interesting that EA can
still rosette with T-lymphocytes (14), a property of E, while the additional coating with complement results in EAC which does not appreciably do so (26).
Neuraminidase or trypsin treatments of E, which yield Es having quite different rosetting properties with T-lymphocytes (14), cause increasedKs and unchangedKs, respectively, in phases reflecting lipid-related surface properties. Either treatment causes reducedKs of E in charged-phase systems. Neuraminidase treatment also results in a reduced electrophoretic mobility of E, while trypsin
treatment is not detectable by cell electrophoresis (25). We are currently studying the possible usefulness of employing cell electrophoresis and cell partitioning in charged-phase
systems jointly to obtain information on events occurring at the shear plane versus those occurring deeper in the membrane. 相似文献
85.
Summary Freeze-etching images of the capillary endothelium in the thyroid of normal, TSH-treated and Thyradin (powdered thyroid)-treated mice were examined. Numerous pores represent vesicular stomata or fenestrations. The number of the pores and their population density are increased in TSH-treated mice, and decreased in Thyradin-treated animals. In addition, the width of the parajunctional zone and of the flat ray free from endothelial pores is smaller in TSH-treated mice and larger in Thyradin-treated animals. These facts indicate that the number of endothelial pores changes according to the functional activity of the gland.Supported by a grant from the Japanese Educational Ministry 相似文献
86.
Summary Mineralized plaques, which develop at the site of repeated subcutaneous injections of 100 g KMnO4/0.2 H2O in rats, were investigated by electron microscopy. The newly formed, delineated, white plaque tissue at the injection site consisted of numerous, mostly unaltered fibroblasts and collagen fibers, without participation of inflammatory cells. Some signs of cell injury were found in the center of the lesions. Numerous, irregularly distributed, small, mineralized foci were seen near the fibroblasts. These were formed by aggregation of small needle-like units (50 Å in diameter and 0.05–2.0 m long). These needle-shaped units were found either in vesicular, cell derived structures, considered to be shed cell processes or cell fragments, or on collagen fibers. Intramitochondrial deposits of such needle-like units were seen frequently. Fusion of smaller mineralized foci to larger plaques occured and then needle-shaped units were seen at the periphery of the electron-dense lesions. Hypotheses concerning the mechanism of experimental cutaneous calcinosis (soft tissue mineralization) are discussed and related to the findings of this study. Probable intracellular crystal deposition and mineralization in cell-derived structures were shown for the first time in topical cutaneous calcinosis. 相似文献
87.
Abstract The Dutch have a long tradition of hospitality towards ethnic immigrants. In the nineties, however, quite dramatic changes have taken place among the Dutch. The central question addressed in this contribution is: to what extent do specific categories within the electorate favour ethnocentric policies? This question is answered by deducing hypotheses that are tested using recent data polled within the framework of the Dutch National Election Studies. Our crucial conclusion is that a rather widespread support for ethnocentric policies is present in contemporary Dutch society, especially among manual labourers, self‐employed and lowly educated people, but also among young cohorts and among modal income categories. 相似文献
88.
A. Duque P. Manzanares I. Ballesteros M.J. Negro J.M. Oliva F. Saez M. Ballesteros 《Process Biochemistry》2013,48(5-6):775-781
In this work, an integrated one-step alkaline–extrusion process was tested as pretreatment for sugar production from barley straw (BS) biomass. The influence of extrusion temperature (T) and the ratio NaOH/BS dry matter (w/w) (R) into the extruder on pretreatment effectiveness was investigated in a twin-screw extruder at bench scale. A 23 factorial design of experiments was used to analyze the effect of process conditions [T: 50–100 °C; R: 2.5–7.5% (w/w)] on composition and enzymatic digestibility of pretreated substrate (extrudate). The optimum conditions for a maximum glucan to glucose conversion were determined to be R = 6% and T = 68 °C. At these conditions, glucan yield reached close to 90% of theoretical, while xylan conversion was 71% of theoretical. These values are 5 and 9 times higher than that of the untreated material, which supports the great potential of this one-step combined pre-treatment technology for sugar production from lignocellulosic substrates. The absence of sugar degradation products is a relevant advantage over other traditional methods for a biomass to ethanol production process since inhibitory effect of such product on sugar fermentation would be prevented. 相似文献
89.
90.
《Anthrozo?s》2013,26(2):123-126
ABSTRACTThe normal development of empathy has been proposed to be imperative to the healthy emotional and social functioning of youths. In contrast, compromised levels of empathy have been linked to an increased propensity to engage in antisocial behaviors, including animal cruelty. Previous findings have revealed parent attachment to be intrinsically linked to the development of empathy. This association has been shown to play a role in predicting the expression of various outcome behaviors, including both those which are prosocial in nature, and those which are antisocial, and potentially aggressive. This study examines these associations in a sample of 281 12- to 18-year-old students. The aims included the investigation of the direct predictive roles played by attachment and empathy for prosocial and antisocial behaviors directed at both humans and animals. We also investigated the mediating role played by empathy in these relationships. Attachment and empathy significantly predicted prosocial and antisocial behaviors, both individually, and in combination. Furthermore, empathy was found to serve a mediating role in the associations between attachment and: human-directed prosocial behavior, the humane treatment of animals, and animal cruelty. These findings expand upon existing literature by demonstrating that it is, at least partially, through empathy that attachment to parents predicts prosocial and antisocial behaviors during adolescence. This is in contrast to the direction of relationships implied by some previous findings and proposals, which have suggested that treating animals humanely fosters the normal development of empathy, for example. Notwithstanding the promising findings revealed by the current study, we recommend that replicating this research using a larger sample will assist in addressing the limited generalizability identified in the current study. It is further proposed that the use of a lie scale could limit the influence of social desirability responding. Future research is also needed to determine the direction of the demonstrated relationships. 相似文献