水稻短根突变体Osksr5的遗传分析和基因定位

水稻根系对其生长、发育及产量等起着至关重要的作用。该研究从甲基磺酸乙酯（ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS）诱变的籼稻Kasalath突变体库中筛选到1个根系变短的突变体,命名为Osksr5（Oryza sativa kasalath short root 5）,该突变体植株具体表现为主根、不定根和侧根都明显变短,不定根的数目相对减少,株高与野生型相比也明显矮小。遗传分析结果表明,该突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制。利用图位克隆技术将OsKSR5基因定位在第1染色体的STS（sequence tagged site）分子标记33027k和33471k,物理距离约为444 kb。对OsKSR5基因的定位为进一步克隆该基因和阐明水稻根系发育的分子机理奠定了基础。     

缺磷或缺铁引起白羽扇豆锰中毒的机理

白羽扇豆在缺磷或缺铁条件下均有排根形成,并且根系还原力显著增加。缺磷、缺铁根系还原力在高峰期分别高于对照。缺磷与缺铁根系还原力高峰不仅出现的时期不同,而且还原力增加部位也不一样。缺磷处理的排根区具有很高的还原力,缺铁处理还原力较高的部位是在主根和侧根的根尖以及排根区。由于Ｍｎ４＋比Ｆｅ３＋更易被还原,致使根系还原力提高促使根际大量锰被还原,这是缺磷和缺铁造成白羽扇豆锰中毒的主要原因之一。     

Plant diversity positively affects short‐term soil carbon storage in experimental grasslands

Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration and related climate change have stimulated much interest in the potential of soils to sequester carbon. In ‘The Jena Experiment’, a managed grassland experiment on a former agricultural field, we investigated the link between plant diversity and soil carbon storage. The biodiversity gradient ranged from one to 60 species belonging to four functional groups. Stratified soil samples were taken to 30 cm depth from 86 plots in 2002, 2004 and 2006, and organic carbon contents were determined. Soil organic carbon stocks in 0–30 cm decreased from 7.3 kg C m^?2 in 2002 to 6.9 kg C m^?2 in 2004, but had recovered to 7.8 kg C m^?2 by 2006. During the first 2 years, carbon storage was limited to the top 5 cm of soil while below 10 cm depth, carbon was lost probably as short‐term effect of the land use change. After 4 years, carbon stocks significantly increased within the top 20 cm. More importantly, carbon storage significantly increased with sown species richness (log‐transformed) in all depth segments and even carbon losses were significantly smaller with higher species richness. Although increasing species diversity increased root biomass production, statistical analyses revealed that species diversity per se was more important than biomass production for changes in soil carbon. Below 20 cm depth, the presence of one functional group, tall herbs, significantly reduced carbon losses in the beginning of the experiment. Our analysis indicates that plant species richness and certain plant functional traits accelerate the build‐up of new carbon pools within 4 years. Additionally, higher plant diversity mitigated soil carbon losses in deeper horizons. This suggests that higher biodiversity might lead to higher soil carbon sequestration in the long‐term and therefore the conservation of biodiversity might play a role in greenhouse gas mitigation.     

大穗型水稻生育后期叶片和根系生理的特性

Ｇ Ｅ Ｒ１ 是从玉米 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 导入水稻的后代变异材料中筛选出的大穗型高产变异系⒚对 Ｇ Ｅ Ｒ１ 生育后期叶片和根系生理特性的研究表明：与受体湘早籼 ８ 号和三系杂交稻汕优 ６３相比, Ｇ Ｅ Ｒ１ 的顶三叶叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量、光合速率、过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性降幅小,丙二醛含量增幅小,叶片衰老得到延缓,生育后期根量和根系伤流量较大、发根力和根系 α萘胺氧化力较强⒚生育后期叶片和根系的延缓衰老使得叶片功能期长、光合产物供应充足,是实现大穗多穗条件下水稻高结实率和充实度好的主要内在原因⒚     

裂褶菌多糖的构象研究

从裂褶菌中提取一水溶性多糖Sci.气相色谱,高碘酸盐氧比,甲基化分析等确定它为葡聚糖.1-3糖苷键构成其主链,平均三分之一的主链残基在6位带有分枝,红外光谱和三氧化铬氧化表明Scl全部残基为β构型,在不同的温度和不同的酸碱浓度状态下,检查糖链与刚果红形成络合物的能力以及Scl水溶液的粘度和旋光值.推测低温近中性Scl主要呈单股螺旋构象.升温或提高酸碱浓度导致有规则的螺旋构象转变成无规则的线团.高碘酸盐氧化去掉分枝则多股螺旋比例在构象中增加.     

根域限制下水氮供应对膜下滴灌棉花叶片光合生理特性的影响

在新疆气候生态条件下,采用管栽方法,选用棉花新陆早13号和新陆早33号2个品种为供试材料,通过人工限制根系垂直生长深度和水氮供应,测定棉花叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数、光合物质积累等,探讨根域限制及水氮供应对棉花光合生理特性及产量形成的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,相同水氮供应条件下,根域限制处理棉花从开花期至盛絮期叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和光化学猝灭系数(qp)显著降低,尤其在盛铃后期至盛絮期表现明显,但潜在最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)未受到影响;盛花期和盛絮期根重均显著降低,但地上部总干物质、蕾铃干物质累积量及籽棉产量均显著高于对照。同一根域容积不同水氮处理棉花开花期至盛絮期的Pn、Gs和Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qp均表现为W1N1>W0N1>W1N0>W0N0;根域限制条件下适量水氮供应处理盛花期和盛絮期地上部总干物质和蕾铃干物质累积量均显著增加,最终单株铃数、单铃重和籽棉产量均显著高于其它处理。因此,在膜下滴灌棉花根域容积受限制条件下,通过优化生育期水氮供应,能改善叶片光合性能、增加地上部干物质积累量及其向生殖器官分配比例,是挖掘膜下滴灌棉花产量潜力和提高效益的有效途径。     

The auxin transporter,OsAUX1, is involved in primary root and root hair elongation and in Cd stress responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Auxin and cadmium (Cd) stress play critical roles during root development. There are only a few reports on the mechanisms by which Cd stress influences auxin homeostasis and affects primary root (PR) and lateral root (LR) development, and almost nothing is known about how auxin and Cd interfere with root hair (RH) development. Here, we characterize rice osaux1 mutants that have a longer PR and shorter RHs in hydroponic culture, and that are more sensitive to Cd stress compared to wild‐type (Dongjin). OsAUX1 expression in root hair cells is different from that of its paralogous gene, AtAUX1, which is expressed in non‐hair cells. However, OsAUX1, like AtAUX1, localizes at the plasma membrane and appears to function as an auxin tranporter. Decreased auxin distribution and contents in the osaux1 mutant result in reduction of OsCyCB1;1 expression and shortened PRs, LRs and RHs under Cd stress, but may be rescued by treatment with the membrane‐permeable auxin 1‐naphthalene acetic acid. Treatment with the auxin transport inhibitors 1‐naphthoxyacetic acid and N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid increased the Cd sensitivity of WT rice. Cd contents in the osaux1 mutant were not altered, but reactive oxygen species‐mediated damage was enhanced, further increasing the sensitivity of the osaux1 mutant to Cd stress. Taken together, our results indicate that OsAUX1 plays an important role in root development and in responses to Cd stress.     

根域限制和氮素水平对连翘幼苗生长的影响

在植物生长箱通过溶液培养试验,从叶片光合气体交换参数、叶绿素含量及其荧光参数等方面来探讨不同氮素浓度条件下根域体积对连翘幼苗光合生理特性及生长的影响,并采用^15N示踪技术对不同氮素浓度条件下根域体积对连翘幼苗体内氮素转运进行了研究。结果表明：低氮（LN）处理幼苗的地上部和根系干物质重较高氮（HN）处理的高,根域限制对地上部和根系干物质重的影响不同,LN处理幼苗地上部和根系干物质重在低根域体积（10cm×10cm×15cm,LR）处理均较高根域体积（20cm×10cm×15cm,HR）处理的低,HN处理的幼苗响应情况有所不同。LN处理幼苗的叶片净光合速率（Pn）和叶绿素含量较HN处理的高;LN处理幼苗Pn和气孔导度（Gs）在LR处理较HR处理的高,而HN处理幼苗的Pn和Gs随根域体积变化规律与LN处理相反,LN和HN处理叶绿素含量随根域体积变化规律与Pn相反。LN处理幼苗的PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率（Fv／Fm）和PSⅡ电子传递量子效率（ФPSⅡ）均较HN处理的高,不同供氮处理下LR处理幼苗的Fv／Fm均较HR处理的高;而ФPSⅡ的变化规律相反。不同供氮处理时,LR处理幼苗的光化学猝灭系数（qP）均较HR处理的低,而非光化学猝灭系数（qNP）的变化规律相反,LN处理幼苗的qNP较HN处理的高（P〈0．05）。不同供氮处理时,LR处理幼苗根系和地上部氮含量均较HR处理的低,LN处理幼苗根系和地上部氮含量较HN处理的低,幼苗根系和地上部氮含量随氮素浓度变化差异显著（P〈0．05）。LN处理幼苗根系吸收^15N在根系和叶片的分配率均较HN处理的低,而根系吸收^15N在枝和茎的分配率呈相反变化规律。根系吸收氮在叶片和枝的分配率分别为7％～10％和7％～12％,叶片和枝生长需要的氮素主要由其内源N库提供。     

Cranial Morphology of a Pantolestid Eutherian Mammal from the Eocene Bridger Formation,Wyoming, USA: Implications for Relationships and Habitat

Pantolestinae is a eutherian subfamily of mammals whose members are known from the middle early Paleocene through at least the beginning of the Oligocene of North America. They are also known from Europe, and possibly Africa. A lack of information on pantolestine skulls has prevented the use of cranial anatomy in evaluation of this group’s enigmatic higher-level phylogenetic relationships. Conversely, postcranial skeletons are well known and locomotor interpretations based on them are robust. The most complete known skull of a pantolestine, Pantolestes longicaudus (YPM 13525), is described here and compared to potential close fossil relatives and extant mammals. Semicircular canal morphology is used to test locomotor hypotheses. YPM 13525 lacks an ossified bulla. It has a mediolaterally broad basioccipital, a large entoglenoid process, and a deeply incised glaserian fissure of the squamosal, caudal and rostral tympanic processes on the petrosal, a foramen for an internal carotid artery (ICA) that entered the tympanic cavity from a posteromedial position, bony tubes enclosing the main stem and transpromontorial branch of the ICA, a large anterior carotid foramen formed within the basisphenoid, evidence of a stapedial artery ramus superior, a groove on the dorsal aspect of the basisphenoid leading to the piriform fenestra possibly for drainage of the cavernous sinus to an extracranial inferior petrosal sinus, a dorsum sellae with well-developed posterior clinoid processes, a foramen rotundum within the alisphenoid, and a sphenorbital fissure between the alisphenoid and orbitosphenoid. Overall, the morphology is not strikingly similar to any potential close relative and the phylogenetic position of Pantolestinae cannot be estimated without cladistic analysis of a character matrix that includes this new morphology and broadly samples extant and extinct eutherian taxa. Semicircular canal morphology differs from that of two likely terrestrial Paleocene mammals, Aphronorus (another pantolestid) and Eoryctes (a palaeoryctid), suggesting a different, possibly semi-aquatic, lifestyle for Pantolestes.     

基于高通量测序分析西藏沙棘根瘤内生菌的多样性

根瘤是微生物侵染植物根部并与之形成的共生结构,这些微生物都可被称为植物内生菌。豆科植物根瘤中的内生菌常常又被称为根瘤菌,而侵染非豆科植物形成根瘤的主要是放线菌弗兰克氏菌,这些非豆科植物又被称为放线菌结瘤植物。西藏沙棘是一种典型的放线菌结瘤植物,由于其分布生境的特殊性,对其根瘤内生菌的研究具有重要的生态意义。对于西藏沙棘根瘤内生菌的研究,培养方法因难以模拟自然条件而不易获得纯培养,高通量测序技术对其多样性的研究提供了便利。因此,本研究以生长在甘肃省天祝县金强河河滩地的西藏沙棘根瘤为材料,采用16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序方法,结合OTU分析,对西藏沙棘根瘤内生菌的多样性进行探讨。实验结果表明,西藏沙棘根瘤内生菌具有丰富的多样性,根瘤内的优势属为共生固氮的弗兰克氏菌属（Frankia）,其相对丰度为47.63%,共检测到7个弗兰克氏菌属的OTUs;根瘤内除弗兰克氏菌外,还存在大量的非弗兰克氏菌,共检测到1523个OTUs,隶属于22个门、33个纲、69个目、113个科和202个属,相对丰度排名前9的属中有25个非弗兰克氏菌属的OTUs。该研究也表明,西藏沙棘根瘤内生菌具有丰富的多样性,西藏沙棘根瘤中不仅存在着可共生固氮的弗兰克氏菌,并且还分布着非弗兰克氏菌;在同一根瘤样品中,弗兰克氏菌属还具有不同的物种。本研究不仅拓展了西藏沙棘根瘤内生菌多样性的研究方法,还为同一寄主植物中弗兰克氏菌多样性的研究提供了分析思路。