Winter feeding ecology of cod (Gadus morhua) in a fjord of southern Norway

We investigated the winter feeding ecology of cod ( Gadus morhua ) in the Risørfjord and Flødevigen areas on the Skagerrak coast, southern Norway. Diets from the ice-covered Risørfjord were compared with diets from the more coastal Flødevigen area. In the Risørfjord area the diet featured numerically both decapods (56.0%) and fish (27.8%), but fish dominated by mass (75.1%). The most numerous dietary items from the Flødevigen area were decapods (48.1%) and isopods (30.6%), although fish still made up the bulk of the diet's mass (52.6%). Diets at Flødevigen shifted from winter to spring, as polychaetes became important numerically (67.8%) and also contributed substantially by weight (53.6%). Since cod feed opportunistically, differences between areas and seasons probably reflected differences in prey diversity and abundance. Prey size variability increased with increasing predator length, but maximum prey size relative to predator length was constant at about 9%. Prey fish increased in both length and numbers with the length of cod, particularly in the Risørfjord area, where fish were more important in the diet than at Flødevigen. However, the majority of fish consumed in both areas were small gobiids. Based on growth patterns observed in otoliths, with opaque zones (indicating faster growth) formed during winter, the quality and quantity of the winter diet may determine annual growth rates of cod on the Skagerrak coast. Fish and decapods constituted important, high energy food sources, and there was little indication that cod were food limited during winter in this area.     

On choice of substrate and habitat in bdelzoid rotifers

Information on the distributions of 77 bdelloid rotifers from diverse waters in south and central Sweden was analyzed to reveal their relationships to substrate and habitat. Only two species were reported from plankton, both in low frequency. An artificial substrate, white cotton, was utilized only by few bdelloids, mainly by species with eyes. Only one species occurred at higher frequency on the saprobic substrate Sphaerotilus. Most bdelloids prefer environments rich in oxygen, but some species may be found in soft-bottom sediments. Several species dwell preferentially in diverse habitats of bogs. Some bdelloids have an exceptionally broad ecological range, but even for these is it possible to distinguish a pattern of preference and avoidance.     

Diatom ecology in the phyllosphere of the common duckweed (Lemna minor L.)

Epiphyton associated with thick, floating mats of the common duckweed (Lemna minor L.) was studied at four sites in western Canada between 1985 and 1988. Maximum epiphyton abundance generally occurred in spring as biomass of the duckweed mat was increasing. Epiphytic biomass was low during summer and increased at some sites in autumn with mat decomposition. The community was composed mostly of diatoms and, during summer, photosynthetic bacteria. Species richness of the diatom flora was low, suggesting that duckweed mats are environments to which few species are adapted. Photosynthesis - irradiance curves indicated that duckweed epiphyton was not adapted to low light levels that occurred in the mat (< 1 % of ambient), suggesting they may survive via other means of nutrition. The mat phyllosphere was also characterized by wide spatial and temporal variation in temperature, and sharp vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen and nutrients.     

Quaternary and recent Lamprothamnium groves (Charophyta) from Argentina

Only recently have extant Lamprothamnium species been reported from the American continent. L. succinctum (A. Br. in Asch.) R. D. W. was found in Lago Titicaca, Bolivia and L. haesseliae Dont. en Laguna Luro and Laguna La Salada, Argentina.Fossil gyrogonites of L. succinctum and L. haesseliae, however, are here reported to be widely distributed in Quaternary sediments of Argentina, associated with other charophytes, ostracods and foraminiferans. Localities include Laguna del Siasgo, Laguna Salada Grande, Laguna Mar Chiquita, Laguna La Amarga and Salina del Bebedero. Lamprothamnium is a genus that prefers shallow, alkaline, hyposaline to mesosaline environments. Analysis of the characteristics of Laguna La Salada contributes information on the factors that influence the distribution of the genus.The morphology characteristics of the gyrogonites and oospores of L. haesseliae and the gyrogonites of L. succinctum are described. The use of Lamprothamnium as a biomarker and its application in the reconstruction of Quaternary saline environments are also discussed.     

The dynamics and retention of phosphorus in lentic and lotic patches of two river-lake systems

Two river-lake systems in a mosaic, lowland postglacial landscape (Masurian and Suwalskie Lakelands, northeastern Poland) of different length and flow were studied. The concentration of total and dissolved phosphorus (in water and in seston) and the retention of these two forms of P were analysed at several hydrological occasions in lakes of various morphometry and trophy, and in several stream fragments. The concentration and retention is equally highly variable in lake (lentic patches) and stream fragments (lotic patches) of the system. The polluted stream fragments at all occassions as well as the lakes in summer, are mainly exporting phoshorus. The patches which act as sources occur alternatively with patches which are P-sinks. This makes the whole system more or less balanced with respect to P movement in the landscape.     

东方蝾螈繁殖生态的研究

本文报道东方蝾螈(Cynops orientalis)的繁殖生态,内容有精巢分叶、精子形态、怀卵量、性征、性比、求偶、交配、纳精、产卵及孵化等,并对产卵场中性比的周年变化、精包形态、精子存活力及与蓝尾蝾螈的种间差异进行了观察和讨论。     

Soils in warmer and less developed countries have less micronutrients globally

Soil micronutrients are capital for the delivery of ecosystem functioning and food provision worldwide. Yet, despite their importance, the global biogeography and ecological drivers of soil micronutrients remain virtually unknown, limiting our capacity to anticipate abrupt unexpected changes in soil micronutrients in the face of climate change. Here, we analyzed >1300 topsoil samples to examine the global distribution of six metallic micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co and Ni) across all continents, climates and vegetation types. We found that warmer arid and tropical ecosystems, present in the least developed countries, sustain the lowest contents of multiple soil micronutrients. We further provide evidence that temperature increases may potentially result in abrupt and simultaneous reductions in the content of multiple soil micronutrients when a temperature threshold of 12–14°C is crossed, which may be occurring on 3% of the planet over the next century. Altogether, our findings provide fundamental understanding of the global distribution of soil micronutrients, with direct implications for the maintenance of ecosystem functioning, rangeland management and food production in the warmest and poorest regions of the planet.     

Social group composition modulates the role of last male sperm precedence in post-copulatory sexual selection

In many species, the order in which males mate with a female explains much of the variation in paternity arising from post-copulatory sexual selection. Research in Drosophila suggests that mating order may account for the majority of the variance in male reproductive success. However, the effects of mating order on paternity bias might not be static but could potentially vary with social or environmental factors. To test this idea, we used an existing dataset, collated from an experiment we previously published (Morimoto et al., PLoS One, 11, 2016, e0154468), with the addition of unpublished data from the same experiment. These previous experiments manipulated larval density in Drosophila melanogaster which generated variation in male and female body size, assembled groups of individuals of different sizes, and measured the mating success and paternity share of focal males. The data presented here provides information on each focal male's mating order and the frequency in which focal males remated with same females (‘repetitive matings’). We combined this information with our previously reported focal male reproductive success to partition variance in paternity into male mating order and repetitive matings across groups that differed in the body size composition of males and females. We found, as expected, that male mating order explained a considerable portion of the variance in male paternity. However, we also found that the impact of male mating order on male paternity was influenced by the body size composition of groups. Specifically, males that tended to mate last had a greater paternity advantage, and displayed lower variance, in groups containing a heterogenous mixture male body sizes than in groups with a single male body size. Repetitive mating only had a minor contribution to the variance in male paternity share across all experiments. Overall, our findings contribute to the growing body of research showing that post-copulatory sexual selection is subject to socio-ecological influences.     

A matter of timing: System requirements for repair and their temporal dimensions

Research into repair within the circular economy (CE) typically focuses on technical aspects of design, policy, and markets, and often assumes simplified conditions for the user/owner and the product system to explain the barriers to scaling repair activities. However, factors occurring at pre-use stages of the product's life cycle can significantly influence whether, and to what extent, repair is viable or possible, that is, warranty duration, after-sale service provision, and access to necessities. The passing of time can directly and indirectly affect the ability, difficulty, and thus, the likelihood of repair activities being performed at each stage of the product's life cycle. Drawing from the literature and applying inductive systems-thinking tools, we propose a framework for considering the “System of Repairability.” We delineate how the passing of time (temporal dimensions) affects one's ‘‘ability to repair,’’ as a product progresses through different life cycle phases (i.e., breakdown vs. repair vs. disposal), and the point(s) at which the repair is considered or attempted (i.e., year of usage). By integrating life cycle and temporal (time-based) dimensions into a broad System of Repairability framework, we clarify relevant interconnections, iterations, sequences, and timing of decision points, stakeholders, and necessary conditions to facilitate an outcome of successful repair at the individual level, and thus intervention strategies for scaling repair within CE. We discuss how a policy mix can address the life cycle of products and the repair system more holistically. We conclude with a future outlook on how temporal dimensions can inform policy strategies and future research.