Response of wheat genotypes to sowing date and boron fertilization aimed at controlling sterility in a rice-wheat rotation in Nepal

Spikelet sterility in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is emerging as a production threat in different parts of Nepal. This study was aimed at determining the effects of sowing date and boron application in controlling spikelet sterility in four different genotypes of spring wheat in a rice-wheat system in the western hills of Nepal. Four genotypes of known different responses to boron were planted on 21 November, 6 December and 21 December, 1994 with or without boron application at 1 kg B ha-1 (i.e. 9 kg borax ha-1) on a soil that was known to be deficient in boron.The effect of sowing date was significant for the phenology, yield components, percentage sterility and grain yield. Sterility was significantly increased in the crop planted on 21 December, which had also the lowest 1000 seed weight and grain yield; there was an almost 50% grain yield reduction compared to the crop planted on 21 November. Terminal moisture stress (i.e. lack of moisture during the later part of the development) was observed in the late sown crop which also amplified the extent of sterility associated with boron deficiency. Genotypes differed in response to sowing dates and boron treatment for all of the phenological events measured, yield components, grain yield and percentage sterility. SW-41 and BL-1022 had significantly higher sterility at all sowing dates. BL-1249 showed a consistently lower% sterility over all sowing dates and boron treatments. The addition of boron significantly increased the number of grains set per spike thereby decreasing the total sterility in boron responsive genotypes SW-41 and BL-1022 while those not susceptible did not respond. The boron concentration in the flag leaf at anthesis was increased in treatments with added B in the soil but genotypes did not differ in boron concentration for any soil treatment.     

东北黑土水稳性团聚体及其结合碳分布特征

以东北黑土区32对自然和耕作黑土为研究对象,对比研究了两种土壤水稳性团聚体及其结合碳的分布特征.结果表明：自然土壤0～30 cm水稳性大团聚体（>0.25 mm）质量分数及其结合碳均高于微团聚体;随着土层深度的增加,大团聚体及其结合碳逐渐降低,而微团聚体（<0.25 mm）及其结合碳显著增加（P<0.01）.耕作土壤团聚体分布特征与自然土壤相反,与自然土壤相比,耕作土壤大团聚体数量及其结合碳急剧降低,且>1 mm的大团聚体降低幅度远大于其他粒级团聚体.自然土壤大团聚体质量分数与土壤有机碳（SOC）存在明显的正相关关系（P<0.01）,尤其是>1 mm大团聚体;耕作土壤>1 mm大团聚体质量分数与土壤总SOC相关不显著;自然与耕作土壤总SOC与各级团聚体结合碳呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.与自然土壤相比,耕作土壤大团聚体结合碳明显降低,而微团聚体结合碳增加了37.1%,总SOC含量下降了29.5%,表明大团聚体在总SOC变化中起主要作用.水稳性大团聚体对管理措施响应迅速,可以作为评价农业管理措施转变对土壤肥力和土壤质量影响的指标.     

太湖流域农田稻季CH4通量特征及影响因子

开展太湖流域农田稻季CH₄排放研究,深入了解稻田CH₄排放规律,为稻田CH₄减排、制定合理稻田管理措施提供科学依据。以太湖流域稻麦轮作农田为研究区域,运用涡度相关法观测其稻季CH₄通量变化,分析其通量变化特征及影响因子。结果表明：太湖流域典型稻麦轮作区稻季为CH₄的源,CH₄排放总量为28.95 g/m²,稻季CH₄通量日变化表现为无规则型与单峰型两种模式;稻季CH₄排放整体集中在水稻生长前期（81.61%）及中期（16.16%）、后期排放相对较弱（2.23%）,返青期排放量较低（日均0.102 μmol m^-2 s^-1）,分蘖期较强（日均0.451 μmol m^-2 s^-1）,成熟期最低（日均0.006 μmol m^-2 s^-1）;模型所模拟的累计CH₄排放通量比累计测量CH₄通量低6.69%,较好地模拟了太湖流域稻田CH₄的排放,土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤电导率、摩擦风速可确认为太湖流域农田稻季CH₄排放的主要驱动因子。     

长期定位施肥对紫色水稻土硝化作用及硝化细菌群落结构的影响

采用化学分析和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术,从表层土壤的微生物活性及基因多样性角度研究了长期不同施肥制度对紫色水稻土硝化作用及硝化细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,经过24a长期定位肥料试验,不同施肥处理土壤pH和硝化作用均不相同,施肥在降低土壤pH的同时会增加土壤的硝化作用;不同作物种植方式也会影响土壤pH和硝化作用,紫色水稻土旱季pH和硝化作用均大于淹水土壤.施用化肥以及化肥配施有机肥不仅可以提高土壤硝化作用,也能够改变土壤中硝化细菌的群落结构;与长期单施化肥相比,长期化肥配施农家肥不仅提高了土壤的硝化作用,而且提高了土壤硝化细菌的分子多样性.UPGMA聚类分析显示,10种不同施肥处理的聚类图也不同;在水稻收割后,M,NM,NPM与NPKM聚在一个群里,CK,N和NP聚在第二个群里,而NPK,NPKMZn和NPKMMn聚成第三个群;在小麦收割后,M,NM,NPM,N,NP和NPKMMn肥料影响下的硝化细菌群落聚成一个群,NPK,NPKMZn和NPKMMn肥下的硝化细菌聚在一起,形成第二个群, 对照(无肥)下的硝化细菌群落单独成为第三个群.应用PCR-DGGE技术可以揭示石灰性紫色水稻土上24a不同施肥及作物栽培管理措施下的硝化细菌分子群落结构特点.     

水田土壤溶液磷氮的动态变化及潜在的环境影响

通过模拟试验装置定位研究了稻-麦轮作条件下稻季土壤溶液的磷、氮含量变化,结果表明：(1)在施肥后的60d内田面水溶解性总磷(DTP)含量受施肥量的影响．尤其是施肥后10d内是磷素流失的高风险期;(2)磷的垂直渗漏(70cm深处)高峰发生在施肥后3～10d时期．渗漏量和施肥晕的关系不明显．磷在两个稻季的平均渗漏损失量分别为0．11、0．071kg／hm^2;地下排水会增加磷的垂卣渗漏;磷在表层、20、40、60、70cm土层土壤水中的含量基本呈下降趋势;(3)田面水溶解性总氮(DTN)含量在施肥后10d内受施肥量的影响;(4)氮的渗漏以NO3^-为主,两个稻季氮的平均渗漏损失量分别为3．2～4．5、4．6～28．0kg／hm^2．高量磷肥会减少氮的渗漏,土壤中原有的和施入的氮素在整个稻季均存在随地表径流和渗漏流失从而污染地表水和地下水的风险。总之无论氮素或磷素．施肥后10d内的田间管理是防止流失最关键的时期。     

苏南地区稻麦轮作系统对不同有机无机复混肥的响应

通过田间试验,研究了苏南地区2006-2007年稻麦轮作体系下,施用菜粕堆肥有机无机复混肥(RCC)、猪粪堆肥有机无机复混肥(PMC)、中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥(CMC)和化肥(CF)对小麦和水稻;产量及氮素利用率的影响.结果表明:各施肥处理的小麦和水稻产量均显著高于对照;RCC、PMC和CMC处理的小麦产量分别比化肥处理(6760 kg·hm-2)减少了13.1％、32.2％和39.3％;而不同有机无机复混肥处理的水稻产量(8504～9449 kg·hm-2)则显著高于化肥处理(7919 kg·hm-2),增产率达7.4％～19.3％.在小麦季,RCC、PMC和CMC处理的地上部干物质量、氮素积累量、氮素利用率普遍低于化肥处理,而水稻季则显著高于化肥处理或与之相当.综上,在苏南稻麦轮作体系下,3种有机无机复混肥均能提高水稻产量及氮素利用率,其中菜粕堆肥处理提高效果最为显著.     

畜禽粪便施用对稻麦轮作土壤质量的影响

通过采集试验区长期施用鸡粪 (PL)、猪粪 (LM) 和化肥 (CF) 的稻麦轮作耕层和犁底层土壤,分析了不同施肥处理土壤有机碳和养分含量、土壤物理结构特征、土壤生物学性质的差异,探讨了长期施用畜禽粪便对土壤质量的影响。研究结果显示,长期施用畜禽粪便耕层和犁底层土壤有机碳含量显著高于施用化肥处理(P<0.05);与CF处理比较,PL和LM处理土壤氮、磷、钾全量和有效养分含量均明显增加,其中耕层土壤Olsen-P 含量为施用化肥处理的7-8倍,速效钾含量比施用化肥土壤高89.2%-102.9%。施用畜禽粪便明显改善了土壤物理结构,其耕层土壤大孔隙体积、中孔隙体积和总孔隙度分别为CF处理土壤的1.48-1.70倍,1.35-1.75倍和1.07-1.11倍;土壤团聚体水稳定性显著增强,而土壤抗张强度显著降低。施用畜禽粪便土壤微生物和生化性质也明显高于施用化肥土壤,其中LM处理耕层土壤MBC和MBN最大,分别是CF处理土壤的2.1倍和1.5倍;施用畜禽粪便土壤脲酶和转化酶活性也分别为施用化肥土壤的3.5-6.7倍和1.6-2.1倍。相关分析显示,土壤有机碳含量与各肥力指标间均表现出极显著相关(P<0.01)。研究结果说明,长期施用畜禽粪便土壤质量显著高于仅施化肥土壤。     

Changes in CH4 and CO2 emissions from soils under flooded conditions after being exposed to FACE (free-air CO2 enrichment) for three years

To evaluate the variations of CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from FACE (free-air CO₂ enrichment, F) soils three years after rice-wheat rotation FACE treatment, incubation experiments in the laboratory with laboratory and elevated CO₂ concentration (1000 μl L?1) were carried out under flooded conditions at 25°C. Results show that soil organic carbon is increased by 11% after exposure to FACE treatment for three years. The results indicate that at laboratory and elevated CO₂, the cumulative CO₂ emissions from FACE soils are 35% and 22% higher than those from the ambient soils, whereas the cumulative CH₄ emissions from FACE soils are 2.6 and 2.3 times that of ambient soils. Thus, there is a larger ratio of cumulative emissions of CH₄ to CO₂ in the soil F. The elevated CO₂ concentration during the incubation stimulates the cumulative CO₂ emission significantly, but its stimulation on CH₄ emission is not statistically significant. The results indicate that the elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration stimulates the turnover rates of soil organic matter, with a net increase in soil organic matter content, and alters the CH₄/CO₂ ratio.     

稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田耕作措施对氧化亚氮排放的影响

2008—2011年,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对长江下游稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田N2O排放进行了为期3a的田间原位观测,研究不同耕作措施(免耕、旋耕和翻耕)对冬小麦生长季N2O排放的影响。结果表明:不同耕作措施下冬小麦农田N2O排放高峰出现在施用基肥后的1个月内以及施用孕穗肥后的4月中旬至小麦成熟期,其余时间N2O排放通量均较小。年度和耕作措施对冬小麦农田N2O季节排放总量均有极显著影响(P<0.01),不同处理N2O季节排放总量表现为免耕>翻耕>旋耕,2008—2011年3年平均分别为2.50 kg/hm2、2.05 kg/hm2和1.66 kg/hm2,免耕比翻耕增加N2O排放22.0%(P<0.05),旋耕比翻耕减排19.0%(P<0.05)。冬小麦生长期内施用孕穗肥后1个月内N2O排放通量与农田土壤充水孔隙率(WFPS)及10 cm地温呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,2009—2010年施用基肥后1个月内N2O排放通量与WFPS呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结果说明旋耕是减少长江下游稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田N2O排放的最佳耕作措施。