Post‐ingestive effect of plant phenolics on the feeding behaviour of the honeybee Apis cerana

As the staple food of honey bees, honey is rich in plant phenolics derived from pollen, nectar and resin. Most studies concentrate on the temporary response of bees' peripheral chemoreceptors to these chemicals, and the post‐ingestive effects of plant phenolics are largely ignored. In the present study, a series of feeding experiments are conducted to test whether plant phenolics modulate the response thresholds and rhythmic behaviour of the honeybee Apis cerana (Ruttner). The results of the study demonstrate that bees fed with syrup containing high concentrations of phenlics reduce their response thresholds greatly, and shift their feeding rhythms significantly. Because the forager response thresholds determine their foraging choice, and their rhythmic behaviour is required for timing visits to flowers, enhanced plant phenolics as a result of global environment change may change the bees' pollination service in our changing world.     

Conditional Rejection Probabilities of Student's t‐test and Design Adaptations

For clinical trials with interim analyses conditional rejection probabilities play an important role when stochastic curtailment or design adaptations are performed. The conditional rejection probability gives the conditional probability to finally reject the null hypothesis given the interim data. It is computed either under the null or the alternative hypothesis. We investigate the properties of the conditional rejection probability for the one sided, one sample t‐test and show that it can be non monotone in the interim mean of the data and non monotone in the non‐centrality parameter for the alternative. We give several proposals how to implement design adaptations (that are based on the conditional rejection probability) for the t‐test and give a numerical example. Additionally, the conditional rejection probability given the interim t‐statistic is investigated. It does not depend on the unknown σ and can be used in stochastic curtailment procedures. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Rocking Promotes Sleep in Mice through Rhythmic Stimulation of the Vestibular System

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Synchronous and asynchronous bursting states: role of intrinsic neural dynamics

Brain signals such as local field potentials often display gamma-band oscillations (30-70 Hz) in a variety of cognitive tasks. These oscillatory activities possibly reflect synchronization of cell assemblies that are engaged in a cognitive function. A type of pyramidal neurons, i.e., chattering neurons, show fast rhythmic bursting (FRB) in the gamma frequency range, and may play an active role in generating the gamma-band oscillations in the cerebral cortex. Our previous phase response analyses have revealed that the synchronization between the coupled bursting neurons significantly depends on the bursting mode that is defined as the number of spikes in each burst. Namely, a network of neurons bursting through a Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism exhibited sharp transitions between synchronous and asynchronous firing states when the neurons exchanged the bursting mode between singlet, doublet and so on. However, whether a broad class of bursting neuron models commonly show such a network behavior remains unclear. Here, we analyze the mechanism underlying this network behavior using a mathematically tractable neuron model. Then we extend our results to a multi-compartment version of the NaP current-based neuron model and prove a similar tight relationship between the bursting mode changes and the network state changes in this model. Thus, the synchronization behavior couples tightly to the bursting mode in a wide class of networks of bursting neurons.     

Environmental entrainment of tidally rhythmic behaviour in marine animals

Field and laboratory experiments show that endogenous circatidal rhythms in coastal animals are entrained by exposure to real or simulated tidal cycles of hydrostatic pressure, temperature, salinity, wave agitation, immersion and light. Short pulses (2–3 h) of simulated high tide induce slight phase advances or delays in the free-running circatidal rhythm of groups of experimental animals, depending upon the time of application. Phase-response curves derived in this way are less clear-cut than for typical circadian rhythms, but their pattern suggests that tidally rhythmic behaviour is controlled by truly circatidal (and not circadian) oscillators. The underlying circatidal oscillators appear, in general, to be fairly stable, suggesting that populations of coastal animals are relatively unsusceptible to irregularly timed environmental stimuli associated, say, with severe storms.     

艺术体操运动员及场馆运动设备的真菌群落组成多样性及关联分析

体操运动员及运动设备的真菌群落组成的多样性,及安全风险研究是涉及公共安全及健康的重要课题。本研究在某体育学院37名平均年龄为19.5岁的艺术体操运动员进行训练后,现场采集手掌、脚跟、运动员的脚尖鞋腔、球、圈、把杆及地毯样本,基于rDNA-ITS的高通量测序,对上述各样本进行了真菌群落组成差异、α-多样性、各样本间共存属及独特属的分布以及样本与物种间的关联分析。结果表明,供试样本的分类单元涉及子囊菌门Ascomycota、担子菌门Basidiomycota、壶菌门Chytridiomycota和接合菌门Zygomycota共4门22纲57目。所测样本中,手掌的优势属为网孢盘菌属Aleuria,相对多度为84.9%;鞋腔的优势属为念珠菌属Candida,相对多度为17.55%;地毯的优势属为交链孢属Alternaria,相对多度为50.9%;把杆的优势属为小大卫霉科Davidiellaceae中的未定属;球（E）和圈（F）群落组成的相对多度分布则较均匀。α-多样性分析结果表明把杆（G）的真菌多样性最高（3.54）,其次为鞋腔（D）（3.18）,再其次为圈（F）（3.13）。样本间共存属及独特属的Venn图解析表明,手掌（A）、脚跟（B）、地毯（C）、鞋腔（D）、球（E）及把杆（G）6个样本上只有一个共存属,即小大卫霉科的一未定属。两个样本间的共存属中,G+D和G+E（分别为27和24个属）比较多。在独特种上,把杆（G）最高,鞋腔（D）和球（E）次之,其余独特属的数量均未超过10个。样本及物种间的关联分析表明,把杆（G）在3个中心度的测度中都处于最高值：度中心度（degree centrality）,0.793;接近中心度（closeness centrality）,0.715;中介中心度（betweenness centrality）,0.754。在体操房运动员与器械构成的网络中,把杆是处于网络中心;随后是器械球（E）和运动员的鞋腔（D）,在度中心度和中介中心度最低的是样本手掌（A）和地毯（C）,其测度分别仅为0.077和0.048;0.053和0.001。研究结论为：（1）测试样本间真菌群落组成差异十分明显,其中把杆、鞋腔、球和圈的群落组成丰富,而地毯和手掌则相对贫乏;（2）把杆的真菌组成种类较多,含有多种潜在的人体病原真菌;（3）艺术体操场馆中地毯、把杆是多种潜在病原真菌的共同载体,它们涉及的公共卫生安全,值得高度关注。     

Daily rhythms after vaccination on specific and non-specific responses in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the daily changes in immunological and hematological factors in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after an immunization period with a subsequent challenge. Experiments were divided into two phases: Phase 1 (immunization): 144 fish were distributed into two groups with 72 fish in six tanks. One group (T1) was immunized, comprising six vaccination time points (ZT schedule = ZT2 h, ZT6 h, ZT10 h, ZT14 h, ZT18 h, ZT22 h). The same schedule was applied to the other group, but with saline solution (non-vaccinated: T2). Both groups remained in the laboratory for 30 days (considered the immunization period). Phase 2 (challenge): on day 30, both vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups were challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae (2.0 × 10⁷ CFU mL^?1) following the same ZT schedule to stimulate the immune response without leading to widespread infection and mortality. On day 45, blood and head kidney samples were collected during the same ZT schedule. The variations in time of the following parameters within each group were evaluated: hematology, peroxidase activity, IgM, tnf-α3, tgf-β1, il-1β and il-12 gene expression. No significant mortality was observed for the groups or the ZT schedule (p > 0.05). Daily rhythms with diurnal acrophases were found in T2 for il12, tnf-α3 and tgf-β1 expression gene, while the acrophases of the peroxidase level, hematocrit and thrombocytes were at nighttime (p < 0.05). In contrast, most of the parameters in the vaccinated tilapia showed no daily rhythms (p > 0.05), except IgM. For all the parameters, the interaction effect between time and treatment (vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups) depended on ZT. Our results reveal that the humoral and non-specific immune system displayed a circadian rhythm based on the light-dark cycle, which could be affected by the vaccination procedure in tilapia.     

Rhythmic patterns in the expression of the ras oncogene in proliferating and differentiating erythroleukaemia cells

Temporal variations in the expression of the ras oncogene, and its protein product, were investigated during hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA)-induced differentiation of murine erythroleukaemic (MEL) cells. We highlight the fact that when comparisons were made between untreated, proliferating cells and HMBA-treated, differentiating cells using only one time-point, differences, both for the expression of the gene and the protein, were in most cases insignificant; standard deviations were high and the interpretation could be made that HMBA had little effect. Such interpretation fails to take account of the dynamic nature of the system, with single time-point studies giving incomplete information, which can be misleading. Multiple time analyses showed clearly that rhythmic patterns of expression were modulated by the differentiating agent. Time-dependent changes in the expression of mRNA specific to H- ras and N- ras, as well as in the expression of the Ras protein, when measured over periods of minutes or hours, were apparent. HMBA affected frequency and phasing of the rhythms. Regulation of the dynamics in this way may be crucial to the control of cell function and transformation.     

Protein kinase c in erythroleukaemia cells: temporal variations in the expression of the alpha, epsilon and zeta isoforms

Determinations of mRNA and enzyme protein analyses for the protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, alpha, epsilon and zeta, representing the classical, novel and atypical groups, respectively, in murine erythroleukaemic (MEL) cells revealed the occurrence of cyclic behaviour in expression. Such rhythmicity was not apparent when multiple analyses using only a single time-point were considered; the importance of incorporating a time component into experimental design was demonstrated. On induction of differentiation over a period of five days with hexamethylene bisacetamide, changes in the patterns of expression of mRNA and protein were apparent, as compared with those of untreated, proliferating cells. Modulation of the dynamics of the various PKC isoforms may represent a regulatory mechanism for the control of a diversity of cellular functions.     

Diurnal rhythm in mRNA expression of genes encoding amino acid transporter and circadian gene cry in intestinal mucosa of piglets

Long chain PUFA contents in plasma and liver both exhibited diurnal rhythms in pigs. However, whether mRNA expression of amino acid transporter and circadian gene Cry in intestinal mucosa is also rhythmic is yet to be known. The purpose of this study aims to investigate the diurnal rhythm in mRNA expression of genes encoding amino acid transporter and whether their rhythm was related to the expression of circadian gene Cry in intestinal mucosa of piglets. Thirty-six piglets (Duroc?×?Landrace?×?Large Yorkshire) at the age of 35 days were selected and fed for three weeks, and then samples were collected at 3:00 am (Clo3), 7:00 am (Clo7), 11:00 am (Clo11), 3:00 pm (Clo15), 7:00 pm (Clo19), and 11:00 pm (Clo23) at the age of 56 days. At each time point, small intestinal mucosa samples were collected from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum for detection of mRNA expression of the amino acid transporters and circadian gene Cry. The results showed that mRNA expression of most amino acid transporters in intestinal mucosa was higher at night and lower during the daytime. Expression of SLC1A2, SLC6A20, SLC7A1, and SLC6A14 in duodenal mucosa reached the peak at Clo3 and Clo7; the diurnal rhythm of expression of SLC1A2, SLC6A20, and SLC7A1 was similar to Cry1, while the diurnal rhythm of expression of SLC6A14 had a similar trend to Cry2. Expression of SLC16A10, SLC1A2, and SLC7A1 in jejunal mucosa reached the peak at Clo7, while SLC6A14 reached the peak at Clo3; the diurnal rhythm of expression of SLC1A2 showed a similarity with Cry1, while the diurnal rhythm of expression of SLC16A10, SLC7A1, and SLC6A14 was similar to Cry2. Expression of SLC6A14, SLC6A20, and SLC7A1 in ileal mucosa reached the peak at Clo3; the diurnal rhythm of expression of SLC6A20 has a similarity with Cry1, while the diurnal rhythm of expression of SLC7A1 and SLC6A14 was similar to Cry2. The results suggested that the mRNA expression of most genes encoding amino acid transporters exhibited diurnal rhythms in the intestinal mucosa of piglets, and SLC7A1, SLC6A14, and SLC1A2 have a similar rhythm with circadian clock genes Cry1 and 2, and they reached the peak at Clo3 and Clo7.