Enhanced adhesion of human mononuclear cells to nonenzymatically glycosylated collagen I

Nonenzymatic glycosylation of extracellular matrix components may contribute to altered interaction of cells with the matrix. We have examined the interaction of mononuclear cells with early glycosylated collagen I. Significantly more cells attached to glycosylated collagen compared to normal collagen. Radioiodinated glycosylated collagen I specifically bound to mononuclear cells in a time and concentration dependent manner with a Kd of 2.45×10^–9 M. Maximum binding was observed in the presence of Mn⁺⁺ ions. The iodinated ligand bound to mononuclear cell membrane immobilized on nitrocellulose disks and the interaction was found to be saturable. These results suggested an alteration in the interaction of human blood mononuclear cells with collagen I, when it gets glycosylated non enzymatically and also indicate that early glycosylated collagen interacts with mononuclear cells through specific, high affinity cell surface molecules. (Mol Cell Biochem148: 115–121, 1995)     

Nuclear pea mutants deficient in chlorophyll b and the major polypeptide of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein of photosystem II

Eight chlorophyll b deficient nuclear mutants of pea (Pisum sativum L.) have been characterized by low temperature fluorescence emission spectra of their leaves and by the ultrastructure, photochemical activities and polypeptide compositions of the thylakoid membranes. The room temperature fluorescence induction kinetics of leaves and isolated thylakoids have also been recorded. In addition, the effects of Mg²⁺ on the fluorescence kinetics of the membranes have been investigated. The mutants are all deficient in the major polypeptide of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein of photosystem II. The low temperature fluorescence emission spectra of aurea-5106, xantha-5371 and –5820 show little or no fluorescence around 730 nm (photosystem I fluorescence), but possess maxima at 685 and 695 nm (photosystem II fluorescence). These three mutants have low photosystem II activities, but significant photosystem I activities. The long-wavelength fluorescence maximum is reduced for three other mutants. The Mg²⁺ effect on the variable component of the room temperature fluorescence (685 nm) induction kinetics is reduced in all mutants, and completely absent in aurea-5106 and xantha-5820. The thylakoid membranes of these 2 mutants are appressed pairwise in 2-disc grana of large diameter. Chlorotica-1-206A and–130A have significant long-wavelength maxima in the fluorescence spectra and show the largest Mg²⁺ enhancement of the variable part of the fluorescence kinetics. These two mutants have rather normally structured chloroplast membranes, though the stroma regions are reduced. The four remaining mutants are in several respects of an intermediate type.Abbreviations Chl chlorophyll - CPI Chi-protein complex I, F_o, F_v - F_m parameters of room temperature chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics - F685, F695 and F-1 components of low temperature chlorophyll emission with maximum at 685, 695 and ca 735 nm, respectively - PSI photosystem I - PSII photosystem II - LHCI and LHCII light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complexes associated with PSI and PSII, respectively - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate     

Transport complexes associated with slow axonal flow

Cytoskeletal proteins-neurofilament polypeptides, tubulin and actin-are transported along axons by slow transport. How or in what form they are transported is not known. One hypothesis is that they are assembled into the cytoskeleton at the cell body and transported as intact polymers down the axon. However, recent radiolabeling and photobleaching studies have shown that tubulin and actin exist in both a mobile phase and a stationary phase in the axon. Consequently, it is more likely that cytoskeletal proteins move along the axon in some form of transport complex and are assembled into a cytoskeleton which is stationary. In this overview we discuss these topics and consider the evidence for the existence of transport complexes associated with slow axonal flow. Such evidence includes the slow transport of particulate complexes containing tubulin and neurofilament polypeptides along reconstituted microtubules in vitro, and the coordinate slow transport of actin with actin-binding in vivo.Special issue dedicated to Dr. Lawrence Austin.     

Synaptic Plasma Membrane Tubulin May Be an Integral Constituent

Abstract: Mild detergent extraction of chick brain synaptic plasma membranes followed by gel electrophoresis suggests that synaptic plasma membrane tubulin is an integral component. Although some of the synaptic plasma membrane tubulin might be aggregates, that possibility is not supported by the observation that tubulin aggregates that are added to synaptosomes before synaptic subfractionation do not partition with synaptic plasma membranes during membrane isolation.     

On insertion of pigment-associated polypeptides during membrane biogenesis in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata

Early stages in the formation of membranes and photosynthetic units were studied under growth-limiting phototrophic and chemotrophic conditions in cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. The incorporation of polypeptides, forming bacteriochlorophyll-carotinoid-protein complexes in the membrane, was followed by use of pulse-labeling and immunoprecipitation techniques. The newly synthesized polypeptides were inserted into two distinct membrane fractions at both different rates and proportions. The two membrane fractions differed in sedimentation behavior, absorption spectra and activities of the respiratory chain. The individual pigment-associated proteins did not exhibit precursor-product relationship between the two membrane fractions. The data suggest that newly synthesized polypeptides were integrated both into cytoplasmic and pre-existing intracytoplasmic membranes, where the proteins and pigments were assembled to form reaction centers and light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes.Abbreviations Bchl bacteriochlorophyll - cpm counts per minute - M _r relative molecular mass - P 100 pellet of 100,000xg, 60 min - P300 pellet of 300,000xg, 90 min - pO₂ oxygen partial pressure - R Rhodopseudomonas - dodecyl sulfate sodium dodecyl sulfate. International standard units - Bq Becquerel (s^-1) - Pa Pascal (N/m²; 1 Torr=133,3 Pa)     

Changes in composition of membrane proteins accompanying the regulation of PS I/PS II stoichiometry observed with Synechocystis PCC 6803

Changes in composition of membrane proteins in Synechocystis PCC 6803 induced by the shift of light regime for photosynthetic growth were studied in relation to the regulation of PS I/PS II stoichiometry. Special attention was paid to the changes in abundance of proteins of PS I and PS II complexes. Composition was examined using a LDS-PAGE and a quantitative enzyme immunoassay. Abundance of PsaA/B polypeptides and the PsaC polypeptide of the PS I complex, on a per cell basis, increased under the light regime exciting preferentially PS II and decreased under the light regime exciting mainly PS I. Similar changes were observed with polypeptides of 18.5, 10 and 8.5 kDa. The abundance of other proteins associated with membranes, including PsbA polypeptide of the PS II complex, was fairly constant irrespective of light regime. These results are consistent with our previous observations with other strains of cyanophytes (Anabaena variabilis M2 and Synechocystis PCC 6714) that PS I is the variable component in changes in PS I/PS II stoichiometry in response to changing light regimes for photosynthesis.Abbreviations CBB Coomassie brilliant blue - Chl chlorophyll - EIA enzyme immunoassay - LDS lithium dodecyl sulfate - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - PS photosystem - PVDF polyvinylidene difluoride     

Rate of beta-structure formation in polypeptides

An explanation is suggested for why a marginally stable beta-structure folds extremely slowly; it is predicted that even a small increase in stability drastically accelerates beta-folding. According to the theory, this folding is a first-order phase transition, and the rate-limiting step is nucleation. The rate-determining "nucleus" (transition state) is the smallest beta-sheet that is sufficiently large to provide an overall free energy reduction during subsequent folding. If the stability of the beta-structure is low, the nucleus is large and possesses a high free energy due to having a large perimeter. When the net stability of the final beta-structure increases (due to either an increase of the beta-sheet stability or a decrease in stability of the competing structures, e.g., alpha-helices), the size and energy of a nucleus decrease and the rate of folding increases exponentially. This must result in a fast folding of polypeptides enriched by beta-forming residues (e.g., protein chains). The theory is developed for intramolecular beta-structure, but it can also explain the overall features of intermolecular beta-folding; it is applicable both to antiparallel and parallel beta-sheets. The difference in folding of beta-sheets, alpha-helices, and proteins is discussed.     

Polypeptides of photosystem II and their role in oxygen evolution

The linear, four-step oxidation of water to molecular oxygen by photosystem II requires cooperation between redox reactions driven by light and a set of redox reactions involving the S-states within the oxygen-evolving complex. The oxygenevolving complex is a highly ordered structure in which a number of polypeptides interact with one another to provide the appropriate environment for productive binding of cofactors such as manganese, chloride and calcium, as well as for productive electron transfer within the photoact. A number of recent advances in the knowledge of the polypeptide structure of photosystem II has revealed a correlation between primary photochemical events and a core complex of five hydrophobic polypeptides which provide binding sites for chlorophyll a, pheophytin a, the reaction center chlorophyll (P680), and its immediate donor, denoted Z. Although the core complex of photosystem II is photochemically active, it does not possess the capacity to evolve oxygen. A second set of polypeptides, which are water-soluble, have been discovered to be associated with photosystem II; these polypeptides are now proposed to be the structural elements of a special domain which promotes the activities of the loosely-bound cofactors (manganese, chloride, calcium) that participate in oxygen evolution activity. Two of these proteins (whose molecular weights are 23 and 17 kDa) can be released from photosystem II without concurrent loss of functional manganese; studies on these proteins and on the membranes from which they have been removed indicate that the 23 and 17 kDa species from part of the structure which promotes retention of chloride and calcium within the oxygen-evolving complex. A third water-soluble polypeptide of molecular weight 33 kDa is held to the photosystem II core complex by a series of forces which in some circumstances may include ligation to manganese. The 33 kDa protein has been studied in some detail and appears to promote the formation of the environment which is required for optimal participation by manganese in the oxygen evolving reaction. This minireview describes the polypeptides of photosystem II, places an emphasis on the current state of knowledge concerning these species, and discusses current areas of uncertainty concerning these important polypeptides.Abbreviations A 23187 ionophore that exchanges divalent cations with H⁺ - Chl chlorophyll - cyt cytochrome - DCPIP dichlorophenolindophenol - DPC diphenylcarbazide - EGTA ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid - P680 the chlorophyll a reaction center of photosystem II - pheo pheophytin - PQ plastoquinone - PS photosystem - Q_A and Q_B primary and secondary plastoquinone electron acceptors of photosystem II - Sn (n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4) charge accumulating state of the oxygen evolving system - Signals II_vf, II_f and II_s epr-detectable free radicals associated with the oxidizing side of photosystem II - Z primary electron donor to the photosystem II reaction center The survey of literature for this review ended in September, 1984.