大鼠脑缺血/再灌注过程中血流量和脑组织含水量的变化趋势*

目的:研究大鼠脑缺血/再灌注过程中血流量及与脑组织水含量变化的趋势。方法:选取5只成年SD雄性大鼠(n=5),参照改良Zea-Longa线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血/再灌注模型,2 h后拔出线栓。利用PeriCam PSI血流灌注成像系统实时监测大鼠在缺血前及缺血5 min、30 min、1 h、2 h、再灌注5 min、30 min、1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h及24 h的血流灌注量,记录在ROI(感兴趣区)测量的数值。再选取15只成年SD雄性大鼠,分为Control组、缺血2 h、再灌注30 min、4 h及24 h组(n=3)。正常组不做任何处理,实验组按上述线栓法制备MCAO模型。取新鲜脑组织用干湿重法测定其左、右半球的水含量。结果:栓塞时缺血侧血流量逐渐下降,缺血2 h下降最低(P＜0.05);再灌注早期血流量恢复较大(P＜0.05),30 min时显著下降(P＜0.05),4 h明显上升(P＜0.05),24 h再次上升(P＜0.05)但低于缺血前血流量(P＞0.05)。脑组织水含量测量,缺血2 h组和再灌注30 min组与正常组无明显差异(P＞0.05);再灌4 h组和再灌24 h组明显增高(P＜0.05),且再灌24 h组明显高于再灌4 h组(P＜0.05)。结论:大鼠脑缺血/再灌注过程中血流量和脑组织中水含量的变化存在一定的规律,且脑组织中水含量与再灌注过程中血流量的变化有一定关系。     

Reverse regulation of hepatic ceruloplasmin production in rat model of myocardial ischemia

BackgroundCeruloplasmin (Cp) is a major copper-binding protein produced in the liver and delivers copper to extrahepatic organs. Patients with myocardial infarction are often featured by an elevation of serum copper concentrations due to copper efflux from ischemic hearts. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that serum copper elevation leads to up-regulation of hepatic Cp in myocardial infarction.MethodsAdult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation to induce myocardial infarction. Serum copper and Cp levels, as well as changes in hepatic Cp and copper-transporting P-type ATPase (Atp7b), were determined from blood and liver samples collected on day 1, 4, or 7 after the operation.ResultsSerum copper concentrations were significantly increased on day 4 after LAD ligation, accompanied by an increase in serum Cp levels and activities. Concomitantly, the protein levels of Cp and copper exporter, Atp7b, were also significantly increased in the liver. Furthermore, inhibiting the increase of serum copper by a copper chelator, triethylenetetramine (TETA), effectively abolished the elevated Cp activity after LAD ligation.ConclusionThese results indicate that serum Cp elevation in response to myocardial ischemia most likely resulted from the increased hepatic Cp production, which in turn was more responsive to serum copper elevation than inflammatory response following myocardial ischemia.     

Stem‐cell‐based therapies for retinal degenerative diseases: Current challenges in the establishment of new treatment strategies

Various advances have been made in the treatment of retinal diseases, including new treatment strategies and innovations in surgical devices. However, the treatment of degenerative retinal diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), continues to pose a significant challenge. In this review, we focus on the use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to treat retinal diseases by harnessing the ability of stem cells to differentiate into different body tissues. The retina is a tissue specialized for light sensing, and its degradation leads to vision loss. As part of the central nervous system, the retina has very low regenerative capability, and therefore, treatment options are limited once it degenerates. Nevertheless, innovations in methods to induce the generation of retinal cells and tissues from ESCs/iPSCs enable the development of novel approaches for these irreversible diseases. Here we review some historical background and current clinical trials involving the use of stem‐cell‐derived retinal pigment epithelial cells for AMD treatment and stem cell‐derived retinal cells/tissues for RP therapy. Finally, we discuss our future vision of regenerative treatment for retinal diseases with a partial focus on our studies and introduce other interesting approaches for restoring vision.     

精氨酸及其代谢产物对缺血性脑卒中的作用

摘要：缺血性脑卒中是成年人群致残、致死的重要原因之一,有效治疗手段和药物的匮乏是脑卒中致残的主要原因。精氨酸既是一种营养物质,又具有多种独特的生理与药理作用,在早产儿和严重应激状态下精氨酸在维持正氮平衡与正常生理功能方面发挥重要作用,常将精氨酸称为条件必需氨基酸。精氨酸是生物体合成多胺的前体物质,同时精氨酸代谢也产生高活性自由基一氧化氮。精氨酸代谢及其代谢产物的改变可对脑卒中产生多种影响,如线粒体功能破坏、钙离子通道紊乱、血脑屏障损伤等。本文综述了精氨酸及其代谢产物在缺血性脑卒中病理过程中的作用。深入的研究和探讨其损伤和保护的双重作用机制将为缺血性脑卒中的防御和治疗提供新的策略。     

右美托咪定通过抑制线粒体凋亡水平缓解大鼠脑缺血后记忆障碍的实验研究

摘要 目的：探右美托咪定缓解缺血性脑损伤记忆障碍大鼠记忆功能的作用机制。方法：选择雄性SD大鼠36只,随机分为三组,分别为：假手术组（12只）、缺血性脑损伤模型组（12只）、右美托咪定组（12只）,除假手术组外其余动物均采用双侧颈动脉结扎术建立慢性脑缺血模型。假手术组和模型组给予生理盐水静注,右美托咪定组给予右美托咪定0.5 μg /kg,静注,均在15 min内滴完。比较大鼠给药前和给药后4 w的记忆情况以及线粒体凋亡因子Bcl-2、Cleaved Caspase-3、Caspase-9的表达水平。结果：（1）与假手术组相比,模型组和右美托咪定组大鼠逃逸潜伏期明显增高（P＜0.05）,右美托咪定组逃逸潜伏期与模型组相比有显著降低（P＜0.05）;与假手术组相比,模型组和右美托咪定组大鼠游泳路程明显延长（P＜0.05）,右美托咪定组游泳路程与模型组相比有显著降低（P＜0.05）;（2）与假手术组相比,模型组和右美托咪定组大鼠海马区部分凋亡因子Bcl-2,Cleaved Caspase-9,Cleaved Caspase-3的蛋白表达均有明显提升（P＜0.05）;与模型组相比,右美托咪定组在给药4 w后上述蛋白的表达有明显降低（P＜0.05）。结论：右美托咪定对脑缺血记忆障碍大鼠的记忆功能有显著改善作用,其作用机制可能与抑制线粒体凋亡水平有关,具体信号通路还有待进一步探索。     

丙泊酚对全肝缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的:探究丙泊酚对全肝缺血再灌注(THIR)大鼠脑损伤的保护作用及机制。方法:选取72只健康成年雄性SD大鼠,将其按照抽签法分成假手术组、对照组以及丙泊酚组。所有大鼠予以12h禁食处理,采用3%戊巴比妥钠行腹腔注射麻醉处理,常规消毒后取上腹部正中切口进入腹腔。假手术组仅暴露肝门,不予以阻断处理。对照组与丙泊酚组则以无创动脉夹阻断肝固有动脉、门静脉和胆总管,在右肾动脉水平处阻断肝下下腔静脉,膈肌水平阻断肝上下腔静脉,进入全肝缺血阶段,阻断30 min后去除动脉夹恢复肝血流。其中丙泊酚组在全肝缺血前10 min予以丙泊酚50 mg/kg腹腔注射干预,假手术组与对照组则予以等量的生理盐水腹腔注射干预。比较三组大鼠再灌注24h后的脑组织细胞凋亡率、特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)蛋白表达水平,脑组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)水平,血清白介素-6(IL-6)以及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平。结果:对照组与丙泊酚组大鼠的细胞凋亡率及Caspase-3相对表达量均高于假手术组,而丙泊酚组细胞凋亡率及Caspase-3相对表达量均低于对照组(均P<0.05)。对照组与丙泊酚组大鼠脑组织SOD水平均低于假手术组,而丙泊酚组脑组织SOD水平高于对照组;对照组与丙泊酚组大鼠脑组织MDA、NO水平均高于假手术组,而丙泊酚组脑组织MDA、NO水平低于对照组(均P<0.05)。对照组与丙泊酚组大鼠血清IL-6、TNF-α水平均高于假手术组,而丙泊酚组血清IL-6、TNF-α水平均低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论:丙泊酚可有效抑制THIR大鼠脑损伤引起的细胞凋亡,其主要机制可能与抑制Caspase-3表达、炎症反应以及抗自由基损伤有关。     

Oxidants and antioxidants in myocardial infarction (MI): Investigation of ischemia modified albumin,malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and catalase in individuals diagnosed with ST elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI)

BackgroundCoronary ischemia can lead to myocardial damage and necrosis. The pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases often includes increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defense. The study aimed to assess levels of ischemia modified albumin (IMA), malondialdehyde acid (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase in individuals diagnosed with ST elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI.MethodsThe present study prospectively included 50 STEMI patients, 55 NSTEMI patients, and 55 healthy subjects. Only patients who were recently diagnosed with STEMI or NSTEMI were included in this study. IMA, MDA, SOD, and catalase activities were measured spectrophotometrically. Significant coronary artery lesions were determined by angiography.ResultsPatients with ACS had significantly greater IMA and MDA values than the healthy controls (p<0.001). Besides, patients with STEMI had IMA levels that were significantly greater than those of the patients with NSTEMI (p<0.001), while the reverse was true for MDA levels (p<0.001). The healthy controls had the highest levels of SOD and catalase levels, followed by patients with STEMI and patients with NSTEMI, respectively (p<0.001). There was a significant negative correlation among MDA and SOD with catalase levels (r = -0.771 p<0.001 MDA vs catalase; r = -0.821 p<0.001 SOD vs catalase).ConclusionsData obtained in this study reveals that compared to healthy controls, STEMI and NSTEMI patients had increased levels of MDA and IMA and decreased levels of SOD and catalase.     

The relation of oxidative stress and apoptosis to histopathologic alterations in the lungs as a result of global cerebral ischemia

ABSTRACT

Heart attack and oxygen deficiency may cause necrosis in the brain and other tissues. We investigated the histopathological effects of nitric oxide (NO) on ischemia/reperfusion in lung and hippocampus using a rat brain bilateral occlusion ischemia model. Male rats were assigned to sham (SH), ischemic preconditioning (PC), global ischemia (GI) and ischemic reperfusion (IR) groups. Before ischemia was induced, blood was drawn to induce hypovolemic hypotension and for blood gas testing. After sacrifice, samples of hippocampus were harvested. Sections were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining and immunostaining using primary antibodies for GFAP, S100β, iNOS, eNOS and the TUNEL method. Following ischemia, we found evidence of gliosis induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the hippocampus. No significant differences were detected between the SH and PC groups. In the GI and IR groups, apoptosis and necrosis were observed in the hippocampus. Lung sections were stained with H & E and Masson’s trichrome (MT) and immunostained for iNOS and eNOS. The TUNEL method was used to detect apoptosis. Interstitial edema, vascular congestion, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, perivascular edema, neutrophil infiltration and disruption of alveoli were observed after global ischemia and ischemic reperfusion. Inflammatory cells were detected in the connective tissue. The IR and GI groups exhibited significantly more apoptotic cells than the SH or PC groups. Free radicals, such as nitric oxide (NO), that appear following ischemia and reperfusion in the brain may also injure the lungs. Increased NO in both lung and brain tissue suggests that apoptosis in these organs can be induced by reactive nitrogen species.     

Role of nitric oxide in the reperfusion induced injury in hyperthyroid rat hearts

We recently reported that hyperthyroidism affects the heart response to ischemia/reperfusion. A significant tachycardia during reperfusion was associated with an increase in the oxidative stress of hearts from T₃-treated animals. In the present study we checked the possible role of nitric oxide (NO) in this major stress induced by the hyperthyroid state. We compared the functional recovery from ischemia/reperfusion of Langendorff preparations from euthyroid (E) and hyperthyroid (H, ten daily intraperitoneal injections of T₃, 10 μg/100 g body weight) rats, in the presence and in the absence of 0.2 mM N^ω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA). At the end of the ischemia/reperfusion protocol (10 min preischemic perfusion, 20 min global ischemia, 30 min reperfusion) lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity (C_A) and susceptibility to in vitro oxidative stress were determined on heart homogenates. The main effect of hyperthyroidism on the reperfusion functional response was confirmed to be a strong tachycardic response (154% recovery at 25 min reperfusion) accompanied by a low recovery in both left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP) and left ventricular dP/dt_max. This functional response was associated with a reduction in C_A and an increase in both lipid peroxidation and susceptibility to oxidative stress. Perfusion of hearts with L-NNA per se had small but significant negative chronotropic and positive inotropic effects on preischemic performance of euthyroid rat hearts only. More importantly, L-NNA perfusion completely blocked the reperfusion tachycardic response in the hyperthyroid rats. Concomitantly, myocardium oxidative state (lipid peroxidation, C_A and in vitro susceptibility to oxidative stress) of L-NNA perfused hearts was similar to that of E animals. These results suggest that the higher reperfusion-induced injury occurring in hyperthyroid animals is associated with overproduction of nitric oxide.