小儿豉翘清热颗粒联合奥司他韦对急性上呼吸道感染患儿血清炎性因子和外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

摘要 目的：探讨小儿豉翘清热颗粒联合奥司他韦对急性上呼吸道感染患儿血清炎性因子和外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法：选择2019年9月至2022年1月期间合肥市第二人民医院收治的急性上呼吸道感染患儿180例。按照双色球法将患儿分为对照组和研究组,在常规治疗的基础上,对照组（给予磷酸奥司他韦颗粒治疗）和研究组（给予小儿豉翘清热颗粒联合磷酸奥司他韦颗粒治疗）,两组各为90例。对比两组疗效、临床症状缓解情况、T淋巴细胞亚群指标、炎性因子水平和不良反应发生情况。结果：研究组的临床总有效率为95.56%,高于对照组的83.33%（P<0.05）。研究组的咳嗽、发热、咽痛、鼻塞流涕等症状缓解时间均短于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗5 d后,研究组CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺高于对照组,CD8⁺低于对照组（P<0.05）,研究组血清降钙素原（PCT）、白介素6（IL-6）、血清淀粉样蛋白A（SAA）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率组间对比无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论：奥司他韦联合小儿豉翘清热颗粒治疗急性上呼吸道感染,可提高患儿的免疫力,降低血清PCT、IL-6、SAA、hs-CRP水平,有助于临床症状改善。     

Immunolocalization of EGF receptor (EGFr) in intestinal epithelium: recognition of apoptotic cells

The EGF-like family of growth factors are known to be involved in the control of the intestinal epithelium. The intracellular events are mediated by the EGF receptor (EGFr), a transmembrane glycoprotein which is overexpressed in many malignancies and also in many radiosensitive cell types. The precise mode of action of the receptor in controlling proliferation and whether the factor is also involved in controlling apoptosis in this tissue is not clear. Using polyclonal antibodies raised against a cytoplasmic region of the receptor distant to the phosphorylation site and one raised against the peptide sequence DVVDADEYLIPQ, which is present in the cytoplasmic tail phosphorylation site of the EGFr, we have examined the immunostaining in normal and irradiated murine intestine. The former antibody labelled the basolateral membranes of the epithelial cells in the proliferative zones of both the small intestine and colon, in both control and irradiated tissue. The latter antibody however, strongly labelled the Goblet cells and the microvilli of the enterocyte apical membrane in control tissue. Following irradiation\ the apical labelling redistributed and was localized in the apical cytoplasm and in a paranuclear region. Furthermore, strong labelling was now seen in many of the apoptotic cells of the small intestinal epithelium. The greatly differing results with the two antibodies indicates that interpretation of such immunostaining must be viewed with caution and may relate to the availability of each particular epitope. These results also suggest that antibodies to DVVDADEYLIPQ may be a useful marker of apoptotic calls and could imply a correlation between high levels of epitope availability, the radiosensitive (frequently p53 expressing) cells of the crypt epithelium and the induction of apoptosis.This work was supported by the Cancer Research Campaign.     

Oxygen-Dependent Inhibition of Neutrophil Respiratory Burst by Nitric Oxide

Effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the respiratory burst of neutrophils was examined under different oxygen tensions. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated oxygen consumption and superoxide (O₂^-) generation in neutrophils by a mechanism which was inhibited reversibly by NO. The inhibitory effect of NO increased significantly with a decrease in oxygen tension in the medium. The inhibitory effect of NO was suppressed in medium containing oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂), a NO scavenging agent. In contrast, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), a compound that rapidly generates peroxynitrite (ONOO^-) from the released NO and O₂^-, slightly stimulated the PMA-induced respiratory burst. These results suggested that NO, but not ONOO, might reversibly inhibit superoxide generation by neutrophils especially at physiologically low oxygen tensions thereby decreasing oxygen toxicity particularly in and around hypoxic tissues.     

A method for long-term measurement of respiration in intertidal fishes during simulated intertidal conditions

Aquatic and aerial respiration of the amphibious fishes Lipophrys pholis and Periophthalmus barbarus were examined using a newly designed flow-through respirometer system. The system allowed long-term measurements of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide release during periods of aquatic and aerial respiration. The M o ₂ of L. pholis , measured at 15° C, was 2·1 μmol O₂ g^–1 h^–1 during aquatic and 1·99 μmol O₂ g^–1 h^–1 during aerial exposure. The corresponding values of the M co₂ were 1.67 and 1.59 μmol O₂ g^–1 h^–1 respectively, giving an aquatic respiratory exchange ratio (RER) of 0·80 and an aerial RER of 0·79. The M o₂ of P. barbarus , measured at 28°C, was 4·05 μmol O₂ g^–1 h^–1 during aquatic and 3·44 μmol O₂ g^–1 h^–1 during aerial exposure. The corresponding values of the Mco₂ were 3·29 μmol CO₂ g^–1 h^–1 and 2·63 μmol CO₂ g^–1 h^–1 respectively, giving an aquatic RER of 0·81 and an aerial RER of 0·77. While exposed to air for at least 10 h, both species showed no decrease in metabolic rate or carbon dioxide release. The RER of these fishes equalled their respiratory quotient. After re-immersion an increased oxygen consumption, due to the payment of an oxygen debt, could not be detected.     

Chloride-activated water permeability in the frog corneal epithelium

We have previously reported that the isolated frog corneal epithelium (a Cl^–-secreting epithelium) has a large diffusional water permeability (P_dw 1.8×10^–4 cm/s). We now report that the presence of Cl^– in the apical-side bathing solution increases the diffusional water flux, J_dw (in both directions) by 63% from 11.3 to 18.4 l min^–1 · cm^–2 with 60 mm [Cl] exerting the maximum effect. The presence of Cl^– in the basolateral-side bathing solution had no effect on the water flux. In Cl^–-free solutions amphotericin B increased J_dw by 29% but only by 3% in Cl^–-rich apical-side bathing solution, suggesting that in Cl^–-rich apical side bathing solution, the apical barrier is no longer rate limiting. Apical Br^– (75 mm) also increased J_dw by 68%. The effect of Cl^– on J_dw was observed within 1 min after its addition to the apicalside bathing solution. HgCl₂ (0.5 mm) reduced the Cl^–-increased P_dw by 31%. The osmotic permeability (P_f) was also measured under an osmotic gradient yielding values of 0.34 and 2.88 (x 10^–3 cm/s) in Cl^–-free and Cl^–-rich apical-side bathing solutions respectively. It seems that apical Cl^–, or Cl^– secretion into the apical bath could activate normally present but inactive water channels. In the absence of Cl^–, water permeability of the apical membrane seems to be limited to the permeability of the lipid bilayer.This work was supported by National Eye Institute grants EY-00160 and EY-01867.     

Fish Gill Respiratory Cells in Culture: A New Model for Cl−-secreting Epithelia

Primary cultures of sea bass gill cells grown on permeable membranes form a confluent, polarized, functional tight epithelium as characterized by electron microscopy and electrophysiological and ion transport studies. Cultured with normal fetal bovine serum (FBS) and mounted in an Ussing chamber, the epithelium presents a small short-circuit current (I _sc : 1.4 ± 0.3 μA/cm²), a transepithelial voltage (V _t ) of 12.7 ± 2.7 mV (serosal positive) and a high transepithelial resistance (R _t : 12302 ± 2477 Ω× cm²). A higher degree of differentiation and increased ion transport capacities are observed with cells cultured with sea bass serum: numerous, organized microridges characteristic of respiratory cells are present on the apical cell surface and there are increased I _sc (11.9 ± 2.5 μA/cm²) and V _t (25.9 ± 1.7 mV) and reduced R _t (4271 ± 568 Ω× cm²) as compared with FBS-treated cells. Apical amiloride addition (up to 100 μm) had no effect on I _sc . The I _sc , correlated with an active Cl⁻ secretion measured as the difference between ³⁶Cl⁻ unidirectional fluxes, was partly blocked by serosal ouabain, bumetanide, DIDS or apical DPC or NPPB and stimulated by serosal dB-cAMP. It is concluded that the chloride secretion is mediated by a Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ cotransport and a Cl⁻/HCO₃ ⁻ exchanger both responsible for Cl⁻ entry through the basolateral membrane and by apical cAMP-sensitive Cl⁻ channels. This study gives evidence of a functional, highly differentiated epithelium in cultures composed of fish gill respiratorylike cells, which could provide a useful preparation for studies on ion transport and their regulation. Furthermore, the chloride secretion through these cultures of respiratorylike cells makes it necessary to reconsider the previously accepted sea water model in which the chloride cells are given the unique role of ion transport through fish gills. Received: 12 July 1996/Revised: 5 November 1996     

Resting Energy Expenditure in Obese African American and Caucasian Women

The prevalence of obesity among African American women approaches 50% and greatly exceeds rates for Caucasian women. In addition, black women lose less weight than white during obesity treatment and gain more weight when untreated. This study assessed resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition in obese white (n=122) and black (n=44) women to explore the relationship between biological variables and these observed differences. REE and body composition were assessed by indirect calorimetry and densitometry, respectively, before weight loss. REE was significantly lower in black subjects (1637.6 ± 236.9 kcal/d) than in white (1731.4 ± 262.0) (p=0.04). REE remained significantly lower in blacks than whites after adjusting for body weight (p=0.02). REE, adjusted for fat-free mass, was also significantly lower in blacks than whites (p<0.0001), although the overestimation of fat-free mass by densitometry in blacks may have contributed to this finding. There were no differences between the groups in respiratory quotient. These results suggest that a decreased REE may exist in obese black women, and it may be related to the observed differences between black and white women in the prevalence of obesity and in the response to weight loss treatment. These crosssectional findings await confirmation in longitudinal studies.     

Reflective organelles in the anterior pigment epithelium of the iris of the European starling Sturnus vulgaris

The ultrastructure and chemical composition of reflective organelles in the anterior pigment epithelium of the iris of the European starling Sturnus vulgaris were examined. The reflective organelles produced a diffuse white reflectance at the iris mid-section which was visible only when the stroma was removed. The pigment granules were clear, angular, and birefringent under the light microscope. In electron micrographs the granules were irregular in shape and density, sometimes crystalline in appearance, but more often they were lost during sectioning or staining. Guanine was abundant in the modified pigment epithelium of the starling, but not in the pigment epithelia of other birds that lacked birefringent granules. Pteridines, such as xanthopterin and leucopterin, were present in small amounts. Pteridines were also present in the iris stroma which had no reflective organelles. The reflective organelles in the starling pigment epithelium resemble both the reflecting platelets of lower vertebrate chromatophores and the reflective granules in the tapeta of various vertebrates. Possible derivation of the organelles from these sources is discussed.     

Separation of intact and damaged hepatocytes in sucrose following non-enzymatic liver perfusion

This study deals with isolation of rat hepatocytes by a non-enzymatic method and the separation of intact and damaged cells in sucrose medium. Low speed centrifugation in isotonic sucrose medium of a hepatocyte suspension obtained by mechanical desaggregation of liver pre-perfused with EDTA solution results in the formation of a cell pellet which contains two different layers. A darker layer contains hepatocytes with intact plasma membranes. Their respiratory activity and xenobiotic metabolism are close to those of the cells isolated by collagenase perfusion. The study of distribution of lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP⁺) indicates a predominantly mitochondrial localization of TPP⁺ in the intact cells following non-enzymatic and collagenase isolation. Hepatocytes in the upper layer have damaged plasma membranes. As a result they lose the potential to accumulate TPP⁺, and have low rates of endogenous respiration and biotransformation activity. Addition of exogenous NADPH restores the capability to metabolize xenobiotics. Washing and incubation of these hepaticytes in an intracellular type medium results in restoration of uncoupler-stimulated oxygen consumption and generation of membrane potential in the presence of a succinate substrate. These properties are close to those of hepatocytes permeabilized by digitonin treatment. Thus, the procedure allows the simultaneous isolation of both intact and permeabilized hepatocytes with functionally active intracellular structures without the use of relatively expensive chemicals such as collagenase and Percoll.Abbreviations 4-OHBP 4-hydroxybiphenyl - BP biphenyl - BSA bovine serum albumin - DNP 2,4-dinitrophenol - EDTA ethylendiamintetraacetate - NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced - p-NA p-nitroanisole - p-NPh p-nitrophenol - TPP⁺ tetraphenylphosphonium     

苯并噻唑醌类化合物对呼吸链酶系的抑制作用

合成了2-氯-5-正十二硫烷基-6-甲基-4,7-苯并噻唑醌(2-Cl-DMMDBT)和2-氯-5-正丁烷氨基-6-甲基-4,7-苯并噻唑醌(2-Cl-BAMDBT)两种化合物,研究了它们对线粒体呼吸链酶系的抑制作用.结果表明:2-Cl-DMMDBT和2-C1-BAMDBT对琥珀酸氧化酶及泛醌氧化酶的电子传递活性均表现一定的抑制作用,而对细胞色素氧化酶无作用,说明二者的抑制作用发生在泛醌反应区.二者对NADH氧化酶的抑制行为略有不同,2-Cl-DMMDBT是一个逐渐加强的过程,最终可致酶活性完全抑制,而2-Cl-BAMDBT则表现为瞬间抑制.比较了2-Cl-DMMDBT和2-Cl-BAMDBT对琥珀酸氧化酶的抑制能力,长侧链的2-Cl-DMMDBT比短侧链的2-Cl-BAMDBT抑制能力强很多.