鼻优草螽的资源成分分析及价值评价

本文分析评价了鼻优草螽Euconocephalus nasutus Thunberg的资源成分。结果表明:采于牧草地和采于水稻田的鼻优草螽都具有丰富的营养,其粗蛋白含量分别为18.39%和9.34%、粗脂肪含量分别为5.93%和13.22%、灰分含量分别为0.65%和0.52%、总糖含量分别为0.27%和0.28%;总氨基酸含量分别为19.832mg/g和10.957mg/g,其中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的45.185%和49.557%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值分别为0.824和0.982;其脂肪酸分别占总脂肪的59.66%和69.72%,多不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸含量的比值为0.44和0.29;此外,鼻优草螽还含有丰富Ca、Fe、Zn、Na、Cu、Mn、P等矿质元素和微量元素。在分析了鼻优草螽的资源成分基础上,对其开发利用价值进行了评价。     

Habitat selection by a predator of rodent pests is resilient to wildfire in a vineyard agroecosystem

Conservation of uncultivated habitats can increase the potential for ecosystem services in agroecosystems, but these lands are also susceptible to wildfires in the arid western United States. In Napa Valley, California, abundant rodent pests and an interest in integrated pest management have led wine producers to use nest boxes to attract Barn Owls (Tyto furcata) to winegrape vineyards. The viability of this practice as a method to control rodent pests depends heavily on the amount of hunting effort that Barn Owls expend in vineyards, which is known to be influenced by the amount of uncultivated land cover types surrounding the nest box. Wildfires burned nearly 60,000 ha of mainly urban and uncultivated lands surrounding Napa Valley in 2017, altering Barn Owl habitats. We compared GPS tracking data from 32 Barn Owls nesting in 24 individual nest boxes before and after the fires to analyze their hunting habitat selection. Owls with burned areas available to them after the fires had home ranges that shifted toward the fires, but selection was not strongly associated with burned areas. Though there was some spatial use of burned areas, selection of land cover types was similar for birds before and after the fires and in burned and unburned areas. The strongest selection was for areas closest to the nest box, and most recorded locations were in grassland, though selection indicated that owls used land cover types in proportion to their availability. Overall, habitat selection was resilient to changes caused by wildfires. These results are important for farmers who use nest boxes as a means of rodent control, which may be affected after dramatic disturbance events, especially as wildfires increase in the western United States.     

Low Cell Number Proteomic Analysis Using In-Cell Protease Digests Reveals a Robust Signature for Cell Cycle State Classification

Comprehensive proteome analysis of rare cell phenotypes remains a significant challenge. We report a method for low cell number MS-based proteomics using protease digestion of mildly formaldehyde-fixed cells in cellulo, which we call the “in-cell digest.” We combined this with averaged MS1 precursor library matching to quantitatively characterize proteomes from low cell numbers of human lymphoblasts. About 4500 proteins were detected from 2000 cells, and 2500 proteins were quantitated from 200 lymphoblasts. The ease of sample processing and high sensitivity makes this method exceptionally suited for the proteomic analysis of rare cell states, including immune cell subsets and cell cycle subphases. To demonstrate the method, we characterized the proteome changes across 16 cell cycle states (CCSs) isolated from an asynchronous TK6 cells, avoiding synchronization. States included late mitotic cells present at extremely low frequency. We identified 119 pseudoperiodic proteins that vary across the cell cycle. Clustering of the pseudoperiodic proteins showed abundance patterns consistent with “waves” of protein degradation in late S, at the G2&M border, midmitosis, and at mitotic exit. These clusters were distinguished by significant differences in predicted nuclear localization and interaction with the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. The dataset also identifies putative anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome substrates in mitosis and the temporal order in which they are targeted for degradation. We demonstrate that a protein signature made of these 119 high-confidence cell cycle–regulated proteins can be used to perform unbiased classification of proteomes into CCSs. We applied this signature to 296 proteomes that encompass a range of quantitation methods, cell types, and experimental conditions. The analysis confidently assigns a CCS for 49 proteomes, including correct classification for proteomes from synchronized cells. We anticipate that this robust cell cycle protein signature will be crucial for classifying cell states in single-cell proteomes.     

Long‐term changes in habitat selection and prey spectrum in a reintroduced Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) population in Switzerland

When wild‐caught Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) from the Slovak Carpathian Mountains were reintroduced to Central Switzerland in the early 1970s and spread through the north‐western Swiss Alps (NWA), they faced a largely unfamiliar landscape with strongly fragmented forests, high elevations, and intense human land use. For more than 30 years, radio‐collared lynx have been monitored during three different project periods (in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2010s). Our study explored, how lynx over generations have learned to adjust to the alpine environment. We predicted that (1) lynx nowadays select more strongly for open habitats, higher elevations, and steep slopes compared to the early stages of recolonization and that (2) consequently, there were significant changes in the Eurasian lynx’ prey spectrum. To test our predictions, we analyzed telemetry data (VHF, GPS) of 13 adult resident lynx in the NWA over 35 years, using Resource Selection Functions. Furthermore, we compared kills recorded from different individuals inhabiting the same region during three project periods. In general, lynx preferred forested areas, but over the years, they avoided open habitat less. Compared to the early stage of the recolonization, lynx in the most recent project period selected for higher elevations and the proportion of chamois in their prey spectrum surmounted that of roe deer. Potential driving factors for the observed changes could be increasing tolerance to human presence, intraspecific competition, or fitness benefits through exploitation of new resources. Long‐term studies like ours provide important insight into how animals can respond to sudden environmental changes, e.g., in the course of translocations into new areas or anthropogenic alterations of their habitats.     

The impact of urban development on butterflies within a city region

The effect of urban development on butterfly species' richness and species' incidence is tested for the Greater Manchester conurbation and two sample areas, mapped at finer scales, within the southern part of the conurbation. The tests include measures of bias for recording effort (number of visits). Species' richness is found to increase with percentage urban cover for Greater Manchester (tetrad scale) and decrease with urban cover for the two sample areas in South West Manchester (1 km scale) and the Mersey Valley (100 m scale). For Greater Manchester, the increase in species' richness with increased urban cover is largely explained by lower species' richness at higher altitude in the Pennines bounding the conurbation. For the two sample areas, decreasing species' richness associated with increasing urban cover corresponds with reductions in the areas of a number of semi-natural habitats, hostplants and nectar sources. Despite these statistically significant correlations, the impact of urban cover on species' richness is weak. The maximum loss rate identified anywhere within the region is 0.81 species per 10% change in urban cover for South West Manchester. This finding may reflect on the generally low species diversity of the region. However, these results could be influenced by recording and sampling artefacts, particularly the failure of mapping programmes to distinguish vagrant individuals from breeding populations and a bias of records to vagrants. This is supported by the higher correlations between species' incidence and nectar sources than between species' incidence and their hostplants. Adult butterflies are opportunistic nectar users and nectar sources are more widely spread and thus less influenced by urban development than are specific butterfly hostplants. The finding may also reflect on the capacity of most of the butterfly species to breed successfully on tiny areas of hostplant existing within extensively built-up areas. Moreover, the capacity of butterfly species to persist by using small fragments of hostplants would be enhanced by vagrancy. If this is indeed the case, it is a finding that would support the value of small patches in butterfly metapopulations, albeit ones comprising incomplete complements of resources required during the life cycle. The incidence of most species decreases with increase in urban cover. Multivariate analyses indicate that this is owing to corresponding declines in hostplant-habitats and nectar sources. Five species increase with urban cover, but none attain formal significance. Associations among hostplants and habitat variables in a principal components analysis suggest that, in three cases (Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, Celastrina argiolus), this is owing to increasing areas of their hostplants within urban environments.     

高原鼠兔食物资源利用的研究

高原鼠兔(Ochatona curzoniae Hodgson)为青藏高原草场上的重要害鼠。每年都要投入很大的力量进行防治,因之它的生态学研究是非常必要的。草原上的初级生产--绿色植被是如何被高原鼠兔利用的就是一项重要的研究课题。皮南林(1975)曾在快尔玛地区研究过高原鼠兔的食性,并注意到食性与植物多度的关系。     

Vitamin Contents in the Hips of 38 Species of Rosa and Their Relation to Division of Sections

Vitamin C, E. carotenes and major economic characters in hips of 38 species of Rosa from China were studied. There were considerable variations in vitamin C contents in the genus. The maximum amount was found in the hips of R. tsinglingensis (2576 mg/100 g), and the minimum in these of R. deqenensis (49 mg/100 g). Carotene contents varied from 0.06 to 19.24 mg/100 g. being lowest in R. xanthina, and highest in R. henryi. Difference was slight in vitamin E contents ranged from 1.34 mg/100 g (R. xanthina) to 3.86 mg/100 g (R. bracteata). Statistical analysis of 54 species of subgenus Rosa from wild populations in China has evidenced a close relationship between the division of sections and the vitamin C contents in mature hips, such as that vitamin C contents in species of Sect. Cinnamoneae and Microphylla were quite high with an average of more than 1800 mg/100 g.     

Polymorphism and Food Limitation in Three Daphnia carinata Populations

The annual cycles of Daphnia carinata in three fish-free ponds in southern New Zealand (Quarry, Taieri and Raupo Ponds) are described. Although breeding was continuous, the populations were frequently dominated by distinct cohorts and there was a sexual phase in spring. Growth rates, particularly in Quarry Pond, were often slow, and clutch sizes generally small. Egg and neonate sizes changed seasonally, but changes were not closely related to clutch sizes and body lengths. In Taieri Pond and Raupo Pond some D. carinata grew to 6.14 mm and carried clutches of up to 154 eggs. The potentially high fecundity associated with large size makes D. carinata a good coloniser, but our studies showed that it also survives well in poor food conditions by growing slowly and producing only 1–2 eggs per clutch. D. carinata showed marked seasonal polymorphism in tailspine length and development of head crests. In winter, crests were absent and tailspines were short and varied little with body length. Crests were first apparent, and tailspines began to elongate, in early spring, before the first appearance of a notonectid, Anisops wakefieldi. By midsummer, tailspines had increased markedly with body length but the slope of the relationship declined in autumn. Laboratory trials showed that both tailspine length and crest development increased in the presence of Anisops. These increases may be due to water-soluble factor(s) produced by Anisops.     

Ovipositing female house flies provision offspring larvae with bacterial food

Symbiotic bacteria on house fly eggs, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), provide ovipositional cues for conspecific female flies and curtail the growth of fungi that compete with fly larval offspring for resources. Because bacteria are also essential dietary constituents for developing larvae, we tested the hypothesis that egg‐derived bacteria support development of larvae to adults. From house fly eggs, we isolated and identified 12 strains of bacteria, eight and four of which were previously shown to induce and inhibit oviposition, respectively. When larvae were provisioned with a total dose of 10⁶–10⁷ colony‐forming units of bacteria from either the oviposition‐inducing or inhibiting group, or from both groups together, significantly more larvae completed development. Thus, egg‐associated bacteria could be a fail‐safe mechanism that ensures a bacterial food supply for larval offspring, particularly if the resource selected by parent females is poor in bacterial food.