普通级大动物实验设施建设体会

根据实验动物环境及设施国家标准（GB14925-2010）规定,结合公司的土建基础,综合考虑动物实验的要求,工程设计合理,施工规范。设施的各项指标均符合国家的相关标准。目前该设施总体运行良好,以下就该设施建设过程中的一些体会进行归纳。     

大型实验动物屏障设施环境微生物和尘埃粒子的动态监控

目的本实验以大型实验动物屏障设施为研究对象,分析屏障设施的环境微生物及尘埃粒子的动态变化规律及其相关影响因素。方法测定屏障设施各功能区域不同时间及不同工作状态下空气落下菌和直径≥0.3μm尘埃粒子的数量变化。结果屏障系统落下菌与尘埃粒子变化规律如下：屏障系统内空气落下菌与尘埃粒子在饲养工作后显著升高,喷雾消毒后明显降低;大、小鼠饲育室空气落下菌与尘埃数在凌晨时明显升高,而兔饲育室在凌晨时间段则较低;清洁走廊和污染走廊在工作状态时细菌含量明显上升,非工作状态时细菌含量一直处于较低的水平。结论实验动物屏障系统的环境微生物与尘埃粒子的动态数量变化与动物品种、空气消毒、人员进出及动物室内的饲养操作等有关。     

The determinants of Canadian children's personal exposures to magnetic fields

Study of the health effects of magnetic fields often depends on identifying determinants and hence indicators of personal exposure. This study identified determinants of children's exposure to magnetic fields and constructed a prediction model for them. For 632 children participating in a case-control study of childhood leukemia, we made direct measures of exposure over 48 h using a portable device, together with observations on candidate determinants. A child's age and sex, the proportion of time spent in the home, and their parents' education or income were very weak predictors of (logged) mean 48 h magnetic field (R(2) < 1%). More important were province (R(2) = 8.0%) and type of residence (R(2) = 11.3%). Low temperatures at the time of measurement were associated with high fields (about 20% increase for each 10 degrees C below 14, R(2) = 4.9%). Several visible attributes of wiring around residences predicted exposure, mostly captured in the Wertheimer-Leeper wire code (R(2) = 13.5%). Stationary 24 h measurement in the bedroom (R(2) = 63.3%) and spot measurements outside the house (R(2) = 40.7%) predicted personal exposures best. Adding other minor predictors increased only slightly variance explained by 24 h stationary (R(2) = 66.2%) and spot (R(2) = 46.8%) measurements. Without spot or stationary measurements, the best model was much less powerful (R(2) = 29.0%). We conclude that spot measurements outside the residence provide a moderately effective basis for estimating exposure for children living there, but do not perform as well as 24 h stationary measurements in the child's bedroom. Although several other easily-observed variables were associated with personal exposure, they were weak determinants, either individually or in combination.     

Infection status of intestinal parasites in children living in residential institutions in Metro Manila, the Philippines

A small scale survey was performed to know the infection status of intestinal parasite in children of the residential institutions and street communities in Metro Manila, Philippines. A total of 284 stool samples from 11 institutions and 3 street communities was examined by the formalin-ether concentration method. The scotch tape anal swab was adapted to 121 children to investigate the infection status of Enterovius vermicularis. It was found out that 62.0% of the children examined were positive for one or more intestinal parasites. Multiple infections were observed in 34.2% of the children. Among 172 children who gave detail information, the prevalence for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm was 36.0%, 44.8%, and 7.0% respectively. Of the children examined, 47.7% were found to be harboring parasitic protozoans such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Blastocystis hominis. The most prevalent of these protozoans was B. hominis with an infection rate of 40.7%. The prevalence of these infections among children living in institutions was relatively high. More efforts should be made to implement anthelminthic programs including bi-annual follow-up treatments.     

Flat-out napping: The quantity and quality of sleep obtained in a seat during the daytime increase as the angle of recline of the seat increases

ABSTRACT

Some shiftwokers in the long-haul transportation industries (i.e. road, rail, sea, air) have the opportunity to sleep in on-board rest facilities during duty periods. These rest facilities are typically fitted with a seat with a maximum back angle to the vertical of 20°, 40°, or 90°. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of “back angle” on the quantity and quality of sleep obtained in a seat during a daytime nap. Six healthy adults (3 females aged 27.0 years and 3 males aged 22.7 years) each participated in three conditions. For each condition, participants had a 4-h sleep opportunity in a bed (02:00–06:00 h) followed by a 4-h sleep opportunity in a seat (13:00–17:00 h). The only difference between conditions was in the back angle of the seat to the vertical during the seat-based sleep periods: 20° (upright), 40° (reclined), and 90° (flat). Polysomnographic data were collected during all sleep episodes. For the seat-based sleep episodes, there was a significant effect of back angle on three of four measures of sleep quantity, i.e. total sleep time, slow-wave sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and three of four measures of sleep quality, i.e. latency to REM sleep, arousals, and stage shifts. In general, the quantity and quality of sleep obtained in the reclined and flat seats were better than those obtained in the upright seat. In particular, compared to the flat seat, the reclined seat resulted in similar amounts of total sleep and slow-wave sleep, but 37% less REM sleep; and the upright seat resulted in 29% less total sleep, 30% less slow-wave sleep, and 79% less REM sleep. There are two main mechanisms that may explain the results. First, it is difficult to maintain the head in a comfortable position for sleep when sitting upright, and this is likely exacerbated during REM sleep, when muscle tone is very low. Second, an upright posture increases sympathetic activity and decreases parasympathetic activity, resulting in a heightened level of physiological arousal.     

公共场所物体表面葡萄球菌分布及耐药性调查

目的了解城市公共场所物体表面葡萄球菌的分布及耐药特征。方法培养法分离公共场所物体表面葡萄球菌,质谱法鉴定所属种,K-B法检测对抗菌药物的敏感性。结果从14个公共场所分离葡萄球菌219株,其中184株经鉴定分别属于金黄色葡萄球菌(14株,7.6%)和13种凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CoNS,170株,92.4%),最常见CoNS有表皮葡萄球菌(63株)、腐生葡萄球菌(29株)、人葡萄球菌(19株)、溶血葡萄球菌(16株)。分离的葡萄球菌对青霉素和红霉素的耐药率最高,分别为77.7%(143/184)和64.7%(119/184);仅20株(20/184,10.9%)对受试抗生素全部敏感。14株金黄色葡萄球菌均为甲氧西林敏感菌(MSSA),40.0%(68/170)CoNS为耐甲氧西林菌株(MRCoNS),60.0%(102/170)CoNS为甲氧西林敏感株(MSCoNS),未见对丁胺卡那、万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药菌株。结论城市公共场所物体表面葡萄球菌存在种的多样性,以CoNS为主,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌比例较高,耐药现象普遍。     

Transgenic Arthropods for Pest Management Programs: Risks and Realities

The ability to genetically engineer arthropods using recombinant DNA meopens new opportunities for improving pest management programs but also creates new responsibilities, including evaluation of the potential risks of releasing transgenic arthropods into the environment. It is now becoming easier to transform diverse species of arthropods by a variety of recombinant DNA methods. Useful genes and genetic regulatory elements are being identified for pest arthropods, but less effort is being expended to identify genes that could improve the efficacy of beneficial arthropods. A transgenic strain of the natural enemy Metaseiulus (= Typhlodromus or Galendromus) occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was developed using a method termed maternal microinjection. This transgenic strain was released into an experimental site on the campus of the University of Florida in 1996 after extensive reviews by the University of Florida Biosafety Committee, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The short term releases established a precedent for releasing a transgenic arthropod but, at present, no guidelines are available that would allow transgenic arthropods to be released permanently into the environment. Several scientific, environmental, and policy issues must be resolved before transgenic pests or beneficial arthropods can be deployed in practical pest management programs.     

二级及以上公立医疗机构公共卫生相关科室设置分析

目的 摸底二级以上医疗机构公共卫生工作的组织方式,并对其设置公共卫生职能科室的必要性进行讨论。方法 检索北大法律信息数据库查找相关政府文件,梳理医疗机构设置公共卫生相关科室的要求。对发文要求设立公共卫生科室的省份和对比省份的163家医疗机构进行问卷调查。结果 原卫生部要求500张床位以上的医疗机构设立预防保健科,2003年以后部分省份发文要求二级以上医疗机构设立疾病预防控制或公共卫生科。72.5%的发文地区医疗机构和39.8%的未发文地区医疗机构设立了公共卫生相关科室,二级以上公立医疗机构设置公共卫生科室对公共卫生职责的承担有促进作用。结论 二级以上医疗机构应当设置公共卫生职能科室,以促进公共卫生职责的落实。